1. Sea Power and Maritime Affairs Lesson 10: The U.S. Navy and American Imperialism, 1898-1914

2. Causes of the Spanish-American War Decreased isolationism in U.S. public and Congress Cuban Revolution (1895-1898): – U.S. investments threatened – Spanish authorities commit atrocities against Cuban civilians Yellow journalism – Highlighted Spanish atrocities and lack of humanitarianism

3. USS Maine Explosion - February 1898: – Havana, Cuba. – Mission — protect U.S. citizens and property – Destroyed by “underwater mine” with 260 dead Rickover later proved internal explosion – U.S. public angered - blame placed on Spain “Free Cuba!” “Remember the Maine!” President William McKinley – Congress declares war on Spain -- April 1898

4. Fighting the War Geography – Spanish Empire - Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines, Guam – U.S. strategic interests Panama Canal, Hawaii U.S forces – Atlantic: Sampson/Schley – Asiatic: Dewey (China/Japan)

5. Naval Orders of Battle United States – North Atlantic Squadron Sampson based in Key West Schley’s “Flying Squadron” in Norfolk USS Oregon sent from Pacific to Atlantic – Asiatic Squadron Commanded by Commodore George Dewey at Hong Kong – Sent by Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt Spain – Inferior naval forces. Montojo - Manila Bay Cervera - Cape Verde Islands

6. Fighting the War Cuba – Blockade of Santiago harbor (1 May) – Amphibious landing at Daiquiri (June 20) – Destruction of Cevera’s Fleet (July 3) Sampson/Schley command controversy Naval Results

7. Fighting the War: Pacific Philippines: Phase I – Dewey was given command; met his flagship Olympia in Japan – Prepped ships for war with overhauls and drills in Hong Kong. – Received notice of war by cable

8. – Entered Manila Bay 1 May 1898 with the intentions of destroying or capturing the Spanish Fleet Enroute constantly drilled crews

9. Admiral Dewey: – 4 cruisers, 2 gunboats & a revenue cutter – Gunnery and fire control drills on the way to Manila Admiral Montojo – 2 cruisers (1 modern & 1 immobile) & 5 other ships at Manila – Spanish use shore guns to augment anchored fleet

10. Dewey: “You may fire when you are ready, Gridley” Spanish Fleet sunk at anchor – Superior American gunnery Americans  170 hits Spanish  15 hits Dewey a national hero Siege of Manila – follows with Army troops

11. Fighting the War – Other islands - Wake seized, Guam seized, Hawaii annexed Bases needed to reinforce SLOCs with Philippines – Philippines: Phase II War against Philippine Nationalists –Philippine Insurrection or Filipino-American War- 1899- 1902. –U.S. establishes control of entire Philippine Archipelago.

12. Commodore George Dewey Commander U.S. Asiatic Squadron Spanish-American War

14. Fighting the War: Atlantic/Caribbean American – Sampson at Key West – Schley’s Flying Squadron at Norfolk – Trip of USS Oregon gave U.S. 5 BBs & 2 armored cruisers Spanish – 4 Cruisers & 2 Destroyers under Cervera

15. Sampson planned to meet Cervera at San Juan, PR but Spanish refueled at Curcao – Mahan condemned Sampson’s advance on P.R. Cuba was the strategic objective Sampson blockaded Havana & sent Schley to Cienfuegoes but Spanish went to Santiago Cervera just getting to Cuba was an accomplishment. American squadrons unorganized and outguessed

16. Schley ( 28 May), then Sampson (1 June) arrive and begins 1 month long blockade Santiago harbor Sampson couldn’t enter the harbor due to mines & shore batteries Americans needed command of the seas before operations could be waged elsewhere Sampson requested troops to capture shore batteries so mines could be removed – No overall commander between Army/Navy

17. Sampson and Shafter have a meeting to agree on a course of action. Both leave satisfied – Shafter- Santiago, Sampson- Batteries Marines seized Guantanamo for logistics base

18. Battle of Santiago Amphibious landing at Daiquiri – Confusion between Army and Navy: Shafter and Sampson Army went after town instead & got bogged down then asked Navy to force the harbor to relieve them through the mine field Rough Riders’ Teddy Roosevelt – Leads charge at the Battle of San Juan Hill Spanish governor orders fleet to flee harbor - 1 July 1898 – Sampson / Schley command controversy

19. Battle of Santiago 3 July 1898

20. Battle of Santiago On 3 July 1898, Spanish make their run Inferior Spanish fleet annihilated by superior, better managed U.S. fleet – Colon interesting incentive to outrun the US Fleet – Spanish losses 160 killed, 1800 captured – American losses 1 killed, 1 wounded Peace treaty signed 10 Dec 1898 Spanish home fleet recalled while en route to the Philippines fearing North Atlantic Fleet

24. Results and lessons Spanish home fleet recalled while en route to the Philippines U.S. technological superiority overwhelms Spanish U.S. becomes dominant power in the Caribbean Sea Improvement needed in fire control and amphibious doctrine

25. U.S. Empire From Spain: Possession of Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines. Naval base in Cuba Formerly independent: Wake, Hawaii, Samoa (Harbor of Pago Pago) U.S. in undisputed control of the Caribbean

26. American Pacific Territories Coaling Stations for Ships

27. Sampson/Schley command controversy U.S. technological superiority proves overwhelming (battleships and big guns) Battleships enshrined as principal warship New construction programs to be completed by 1905; 10 first-rate battleships, 4 armored cruisers & 17 other types Recognized need for improvement in fire control and amphibious doctrine

28. Dewey to head new General Board; first peace time U.S. strategic planning – Devise war plans – Assess of foreign navies – Influence President & Secretary of State Mahan's advocacy of fleet engagements vindicated (commerce raiding discredited)

29. Global empire yields bases and expanded obligations Oregon’s dash renewed desire for isthmian canal to link Atlantic and Pacific Fleets, construction begun under Theodore Roosevelt, 1904-1914

30. Progressive Era Politics (1901-1914) Strong Presidents: – Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson. Republican Congress funds battleships and canal construction. – Large increases in federal budget. – Large increase in percentage of federal budget for Department of the Navy. Dewey and General Board – Access to Secretary of the Navy and / or the President on a regular basis due to increased importance of the Navy.

31. Prewar International Concerns (1900-1914) Expanding Interests of Germany, U.S. attention to Caribbean Expanding Interests of Japan, U.S. attention in Pacific

32. The Caribbean Threat: Germany – U.S. has stake in Caribbean Annexation of Puerto Rico Naval base in Cuba – Germany has strong interest in Latin America – Venezuela Crisis (1902) Germany wants base there Germany (plus Britain, Italy) blockades to recover from default on 12.5 million loan

33. Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine Caribbean Sea – Vital defense of the U.S. - Navy protects access to Panama Canal European relations with Latin America – Venezuela Crisis (1902) demonstrates need for U.S. to ensure European powers need not intervene in Western Hemisphere Theodore Roosevelt (December 1904): – U.S. obligated “in flagrant cases of wrong-doing or impotence (in Latin America) to the exercise of an international police power.”

34. Roosevelt Corollary Constant interventions by Navy and Marines: – Haiti, Nicaragua, and the Dominican Republic – Cuba - Platt Amendment – Vera Cruz, Mexico “Yankee Imperialism” despised by many Latin Americans

35. Panama Canal Renewed U.S. desire for canal in Central America – Link between Atlantic and Pacific Fleets Need for the canal is highlighted by USS Oregon’s long transit to the Battle of Santiago Strong support from President Theodore Roosevelt Panamanian Revolution against Colombia - 1903 – Engineered and influenced by U.S. – Panama Canal Zone ceded to U.S. Construction of the canal begins in 1904 – Completed in 1914 Increased importance of U.S. control of Caribbean Sea – Protection of Panama Canal is vital to defense of the U.S.

36. U.S. Interests in the Far East War Plan Orange – U.S. Navy plan for war with Japan – Defense of the Philippines and defeat of the Japanese Navy

37. U.S. “Open Door” policy in China: – Policy has two aspects (1) Ensure territorial integrity of China (2) Ensure free trade in China for all countries. – China’s Boxer Rebellion - 1900 U.S. Marine Regiment attached to U.S. Army force protecting Westerners – Counter European and Japanese attempts at “spheres of influence” Yangtze River Patrol - U.S. gunboats protect American commerce

38. Western Relief Expedition to Peking Boxer Rebellion 1900

39. The Rise of Japanese Sea Power

40. Opening and Modernization Commodore M.C. Perry - 1854 – Treaty of Kanagawa – European powers quickly follow U.S. lead Meiji Restoration - 1868 – End of Tokugawa Shogunate’s feudal system – Emperor restored to power Increased trade with the West Rapid modernization of industry and armed forces Colonial expansion begins on Pacific Islands Japanese Navy – From the Age of Galleys directly to the Modern Age – Skips entirely the Age of Sail

41. Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) Conflict with China – Ryukus – Taiwan – Korea Japanese make a surprise first strike – Prior to declaration of war Battle of the Yalu: – Chinese fleet takes “V” formation – Japanese divide fleet into two squadrons Outcome: Expansion of Japanese Empire in East Asia – Korea – Taiwan (Formosa) and Pescadores – Port Arthur

42. Russo-Japanese War (1904-05) Japan forced to withdraw from Korea and Port Arthur Russian Expansion into the Far East – Trans-Siberian Railway Chinese allow Russian construction through Manchuria. – Russian Naval Base at Vladivostok Port Arthur and Manchuria – Occupied by Russian forces Korea threatened Anglo-Japanese Alliance - 1902 – Attempt by Japan to keep European powers out of the war Japanese strike first again Battle of the Yellow Sea

43. Balance of Power Japan Disadvantages – Number of Troops – Fleet Strength – Natural Resources Advantages – Strategic Center – Multiple Naval Bases – First Strike Russia Advantages – Number of Troops – Fleet Strength – Natural Resources Disadvantages – Division of Forces Three Fleets – Lines of Communication Trans-Siberian RR – Initial Defensive Strategy

44. Battle of Tsushima Strait Baltic Fleet commanded by Admiral Zinovi Rozhestvenski – Transit to Vladivostok – Protection of supply ships Vice Admiral Heihachiro Togo – Togo “Crosses the T” -- Decisive Japanese victory Lessons learned: – Rear Admiral Nebogatov - Surrender not an option – Heavy armor and guns – Semi-independent divisions – Dividing the fleet Treaty of Portsmouth - President Theodore Roosevelt: – Port Arthur and Southern Sakhalin ceded to Japan – Japan becomes the dominant power in the Far East

45. Increases in U.S. Naval Power By 1898 – 4 1st Class Battleships: Indiana, Massachusetts, Oregon, and Iowa – 2 2nd Class Battleships: Texas and Maine – 2 Armored Cruisers – 10 Protected Cruisers – Gunboats, Monitors, Torpedo Boats Modern technology in the fleet: – Steam, armor, and rifled breech-loading guns

46. President Theodore Roosevelt and Rear Admiral Robley D. “Fighting Bob” Evans Prior to the sailing of the Great White Fleet - 1907

47. The Great White Fleet

48. Route of the Great White Fleet: (1907-08)

49. HMS Dreadnought First all “big gun” Battleship - Eight 12-inch guns

50. HMS Dreadnought

51. Dawn of Naval Aviation Wright Brothers -- Kitty Hawk, North Carolina: 1903 Eugene Ely – First flight of an aircraft from a ship in 1910 – First landing of an aircraft on a ship in 1911 Glenn Curtiss - First seaplane landing - 1911 Lieutenant “Spuds” Ellyson: Naval Aviator #1

52. Birthday of Naval Aviation: 8 May 1911 – U.S. Navy purchases two Curtiss biplanes Office of Naval Aeronautics established in 1914 Early naval aviation missions: – Scouting location of the enemy fleet – Directing naval gunfire Royal Navy in a similar stage of development of aviation

53. Discussion Next time: The U.S. Navy and the World at War, 1914-1918