1. Volcanic Risk Management: the experience of the Italian Civil Protection system M. Rosi, V. Bosi, C. Cardaci, C. Cristiani, S. Ciolli, L. Coppola, D. Mangione, A. Minicocci, D. Piselli, A. Ricciardi Department of Civil Protection of Italy Seismic and volcanic bureau – Volcanic Risk Service

2. MAIN TOPICS - Lessons learnt - Participation to European Project (mutual added value) - A brief introduction about the Civil Protection System and how it is organized - A short summary of the main volcanic emergencies in Italy - Volcanic risk in Italy (main hazards and phenomena, exposition and vulnerability)

3. Italy displays a high number of active volcanoes and it is one of the risky country because of the high number of people exposed to volcanic risk. VOLCANOES IN ITALY

4. Main hazards Strombolian activity and lava fountains: impact on tourists, volcanological guides and touristic infrastructures (ETNA – STROMBOLI). Lava flows: impact on infrastructures, towns (ALL) Ash fall: infrastructure, buildings, air traffic, health, agriculture (ALL) Pyroclastic flows: impact on infrastructures, buildings, health (CAMPI FLEGREI, VESUVIO, VULCANO and less frequently and moderate ETNA, STROMBOLI)

5. Short term hazard assessment is based on: knowledge on historical eruption, precursors phenomena, monitoring data analysis and interpretation, probabilities of occurrence Time for “forecasting” an impending eruption can be short and all the mechanisms between Civil Protection Authorities and Scientific Community should be robust and well tested in advance. There is a strong necessity of a tight collaboration and mutual understanding between the Authorities and the Scientific Community. Procedures, emergency actions and monitoring implementation should be designed according to alert levels

6. Main actions and protocols included in the alert level system > 6 Alert level Description of expected phenomena National/local civil protection activity Scientific activity, monitoring implementation, protocols, scheduled meetings Communication 1 Base 2 Attention 3 Reinforced or operative attention 4 Pre-alarm 5 Alarm (Warning) Optional /when and if needed Three to seven alert levels exist outside Europe. Number of alert levels depends from….. The definition of alert levels is in charge of….. Who do usually declare them…? How they are integrated in the emergency plans? Related actions and procedures

7. Long term hazard assessment (historical eruption, geological studies etc.) Needs to integrate geological studies, historical data and modeling to implement the long term hazard assessment. DPC funded projects in 2013 on Campi Flegrei and Vesuvio Sharing the experience with countries outside Europe, in high volcanic risk areas. MIAVITA project represented a challenge. Other projects (es. Vuelco) can represent new improvements. Civil Protection Authorities should properly consider the importance of the long term hazard assessment. Geological and historical data (example from Indonesia) should be identified as relevant in emergency planning.

8. Vesuvio 1944 Oggi Exposition has increased

11. Recent volcanic emergencies in Italy Tsunami induced by collapses (on and off-shore): Stromboli Zafferana By F.Barberi et al. 1993 We had to face: Lava flows (mainly Etna, Stromboli): lava diversion - Barriers – evacuation of villages Very shallow earthquakes and seismic swarms (Es. Etna – Campi Flegrei); local evacuation – Strong damage Ash dispersion with problems for the air traffic, health, transportation, telecommunications and agriculture (mainly Etna, Stromboli) road

12. However, ….we did not face: Explosive activity (VEI => 3. Vesuvio 1944): large evacuation, huge destruction; Damage induced by pyroclastic flows and lahars, huge ash dispersion with collapse of roofs. The civil protection system is “prepared” but not tested - No direct experience. Learning from other countries is required. The emergency plans need to be tested. A few studies about communication of alert, awareness (sociological aspects).

13. Coordination activities The Civil Protection System in Italy Interior Economy and Finance Foreign Affairs Environment Education, University and Research Transportation and Infrastructures Defence Agricultural Policy and Forestry Communications Productive Activities Health Cultural Heritage Regions Provinces Municipalities Department of Civil Protection Department of Civil Protection PRESIDENCY OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS PRESIDENCY OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS National Fire-fighters Corps Police Prefectures National Fire-fighters Corps Police Prefectures I.N.G.V. C.N.R. University I.N.G.V. C.N.R. University 118 - ASL Revenue Guard Corps Army, Navy Air Force Carabinieri Army, Navy Air Force Carabinieri G.R.T.N. Costal Guard, ANAS National Highway National Railway Costal Guard, ANAS National Highway National Railway State Forest Corps ISPRA Volunteers

14. Volcanic Risk Service – CFCRV (receives info from scientists, share the data, evaluates and gives the early-warning) Centre for technological and scientific services Operative Forces

15. Documents to support the decision makers ALERTING SYSTEM: THE WARNING COMMUNICATION AND MESSAGES Surveillance weekly bullettin for Italian Volcanos Criticallity level or alert level Surveillance daily bullettin for Stromboli Volcano

16. During the last 10 years the DPC asked for scientific proposal and funded a number of them. Diffuse degassing in Italy; Studies on almost all Italian volcanoes New methodologies for volcano monitoring Hazard assessment (long and short term) Early warning and scenario builder Participation to ASI (Italian Spatial Agency) projects with Scientific Community (ASI FUNDED PROJECTS ABOUT SEISMIC AND VOLCANIC RISK)

17. > 17 During the last 10 years the DPC participated to various European Projects SAFER SPEED LINKER EURORISK REVIEW NEMO MIA VITA VUELCO SUPERSITE (started 1° of June) Some of them are:

18. > 18 Lesson learnt Combining the EO data with Ground based data is fundamental and sometime indispensable, not only in emergency phase but in prevention phase. More flexibility is needed during “rest” phases. The integration of data and knowledge coming from different Scientific institutions are valuable and often indispensable. Comparison of monitoring data (same volcano and other volcanoes) is fundamental. Modelling should include historical and geological data to be more useful to civil protection purpose. Probability of occurrence is often indispensable (unrest, eruption, vent location, eruption size), even if sometime difficult to calculate.

19. > 19 The participation of Civil Protection to European projects gives very good results, in terms of knowledge acquired, sharing ideas, mutual understanding (scientific community and civil protection). The results depend from the role that Civil Protection Authorities take in the projects and from the caution they have in the participation Preparedness and evacuation measures and protocols should be learnt also in regions outside Europe (e.g. socialization phase in Indonesia), which already experimented such events. Experiences should be adapted to the cultural and socio economical background, with great attention to communication. Alert levels should be considered a cornerstone. Alert levels should integrate many kind of information in order to be really effective. Lesson learnt

20. > 20 What is the type of collaboration needed between projects (upstream and downstream)? Organization of downstream in close cooperation with the upstream What are the strategies to involve the end users and decision makers? Meetings before the generation of “call for projects” including end users. Giving more visibility to the projects in terms of results and mutual advantage. Including end users in the projects since the very beginning, sometime starting from their needs What kind of services are realistically expected looking at the state of the art? Reference maps. Services effective during preparedness phase (emergency is OK) – Gaining knowledge for being prepared (es. MAP ITALY, others)

21. > 21 Thanks for your attention