1. Circulation & Blood

2.  Body is made of cells  Cells various need chemicals  Circulatory system: made of your blood, blood vessels, and heart  Blood delivers oxygen, water, and food to the rest of your body  Blood picks up the cell’s waste products  Carbon dioxide, water, etc  blood travels through a series of tubes: Blood vessels  Heart pumps the blood through the vessels

3.  Not all animals have circulatory systems  Simple animals:  Sponge, sea anemone, hydra, etc.  Bodies are only a few cells thick  Allows water to move in and out  Every part of their body comes in contact with water  Oxygen and other nutrients diffuse into the cells  Waste products (like carbon dioxide) diffuse out  Complex animals  Earthworms, insects, etc.  Many layers of cells and tissues

4.  Complex animals  Earthworms, insects, etc.  Many layers of cells and tissues  Closed Circulatory System:  Has blood vessels and a heart  Example: earthworm  Open Circulatory System:  Has heart but no blood vessels  Blood moves around without a blood vessel to guide it

5.  Heart: muscle that pumps blood through the body  Two sides:  Two separate pumps (left & right)  Each side has a small chamber on the top and large chamber on the bottom This is a cut-away sections of the inside of the heart The bright red and bright blue colors represent blood inside the heart The pink represents heart muscle

6.  Small chambers on the top are called  Right atrium  Left atrium  Large chambers on the bottom are called ventricles  Right ventricle  Left ventricle This is a cut-away sections of the inside of the heart The bright red and bright blue colors represent blood inside the heart The pink represents heart muscle

7.  Heart pumps by squeezing  Muscle contractions  At rest: ~60-80 beats per minute  Running: ~150 beats per minute  Beat=each pump of the heart  Circulatory system= one way street  Heart muscle will pump more than 2 billion times in your life time

8.  Artery- a large blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart  Vein- large blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart

9.  1- blood from the veins enter the right and left atria  No pumping here  2-Atria pump/squeeze  Right and left ventricles relax –not pumping  Receive blood from the atria  3-Right and left ventricles squeeze blood into two large arteries- one leading to the body and one leading to the lungs

10.  Blood returns from the body and enters the atria  Cycle starts over

11.  Valves- flaps in the heart that keep blood flowing in one direction  1 set of valves between the atria & ventricles  Tricuspid valve: valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle  Bicuspid valve: valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle  Valves-one way doors  These only flow down

12.  Semilunar Valves: between the ventricles and their arteries  One way doors  Only flow upward away from the ventricle  Sounds of your heart beat- caused by the valves closing

13.  Heart has two sounds  Both sets of valves close at different times  First sound: closing of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves  Ventricles squeeze these valves close= lub  Second Sound: closing of the semilunar valves  Occur when the ventricles stop squeezing=dub  Together =lub dub

14.  Sounds other than lub dub indicate a valve working incorrectly  Example: lub swish dub  Results from either the tricuspid or bicuspid valves not closing properly  Example: lub dub swish  Results from the semilunar valves not closing properly

15.  Pumps blood to your lungs  1- blood enters the right side of the heart through the vena cava  Vena Cava: largest vein in the body which carries blood from the body back to the heart  Blue color used to show deoxygenated blood  2- blood is pumped into the right ventricle  3- blood is pumped into the pulmonary artery  Pulmonary Artery: carries blood away from the heart to the lungs  Divides in two (you have two lungs)  Blood makes its way to the lungs

16.  4-Blood gets oxygen from the lungs  Blood gets rid of the carbon dioxide  5- blood returns to the left atrium through the Pulmonary Veins  Pulmonary Veins: carry blood from the lungs to the left side of the heart  Approximately 10 seconds

17.  Pumps blood to your body  1- oxygenated blood arrives in the left atrium  From the lungs  2- blood gets pumped into the left ventricle  3-blood is pumped into the aorta  Aorta: largest artery in the body  Branches to the body and head  4-body parts receive the oxygenated blood  5- deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium

18.  Right side: contains a lot of carbon dioxide  Left side: contains a lot of oxygen

20.  Carry blood away from the heart  Round  Thick walls  Muscle cells  Aorta- can be as wide as a garden hose!  Get thinner as they branch into smaller/thinner blood vessels as they carry blood away from the heart

21.  Blood Pressure: force created when blood pushes against the walls of vessels  Your pulse: blood moving through your arteries  Summary:  Carry blood away from the heart  Under high pressure  Round, with thick muscular walls

22.  Carries blood back to the heart  Have less muscle than arteries  Thinner  Sometimes flat in shape  Contain one-way valves  Keep blood flowing towards your heart  Low pressure

23.  Capillary: the smallest blood vessels  Very narrow  Only one cell thick  Most abundant blood vessel in your body  Bring blood close to every body cell  Deliver:  Oxygen, food, or other materials to body cells  Pick-up:  Waste chemicals (like CO 2 )

24.  Blood pressure measurement  Two measurements taken  Maximum pressure (systolic)  Ventricles pumping  Minimum pressure (diastolic)  Ventricles not pumping  Normal: 120/80  Arteries can contract  Blood moves at a higher pressure

25.  Hypertension: when blood pressure is extremely high  Arteries are too narrow for easy movement of blood  Might not know you have it  Causes damage to body organs  Makes the heart work harder  Could make blood vessels burst  Stroke  Treatment:  Diet and/or exercise  Medicine

26.  Effected by diet:  Too much salt  Cholesterol: fatlike chemical found in certain foods  Coats insides of arteries  Narrows arteries- raising blood pressure

27.  Heart is made of muscle  Heart cells need:  Oxygen  Nutrients  Has its own blood vessels that deliver these  Coronary vessels: blood vessels that carry blood to and from the heart itself  Heart Attack: death of a section of the heart muscle  Caused by a blockage which causes blood to not reach part of the heart

28.  Too much dies= heart cannot pump properly  If blood cannot deliver enough oxygen and nutrients to the body death can occur

29.  Exercise, proper diet, and no smoking  Exercise:  Works your heart muscle  Makes your heart stronger  Proper diet:  Avoid being over weight  Puts strain on your heart  Fat forms around the heart  Heart works harder to pump  Healthy diet helps avoid extra cholesterol intake  200 mg of cholesterol or less daily  http://www.healthaliciousness.com/articles/foods-highest- in-cholesterol.php http://www.healthaliciousness.com/articles/foods-highest- in-cholesterol.php

30.  NO Smoking  People who smoke are more likely to have heart problems  Nicotine- chemical in tobacco smoke  Causes blood vessels to narrow  Causes the heart to work harder  When diet and exercise do not help  Prescription drugs- lower cholesterol  Bypass Surgery- take blood vessel from another part of your body to make a new path to your heart  Heart transplant

31.  Transplant statistics  121,264 on the transplant waiting list  3,202 waiting on heart transplant  69 waiting on heart AND lung transplant  Artificial hearts  Used temporarily until transplant heart is available  Can lengthen survival by 600 days  First successful artificial heart transplant 1982

32.  Artificial hearts

33.  Blood- part liquid and part cells  Functions:  Delivers nutrients  Water, vitamins, minerals, & nutrients from fats, carbs, & proteins  Delivers oxygen  Delivers messages in the form of chemicals  Removes waste products  Carbon dioxide  lungs  Chemical waste  kidneys  Removes excess body heat  skin

34.  Other functions:  Fight diseases  Stop bleeding

35.  Not all animals have blood  Examples:  Sponges  Jelly fish  Flat worms  Most animals without blood live in water  Water acts like their “blood”

36.  Plasma: nonliving, yellow liquid part of the blood  92% - water  8% -  Blood proteins  Nutrients  Salts  Waste chemicals  Pick up and delivery by the blood is done by the plasma Deep red= red blood cells Yellow= plasma In between= white blood cells & platelets

37.  Red Blood Cells: cells in the blood that carry oxygen to the tissues  Make up most of the blood  ~5 million cells in one drop of blood  Living portion of the blood  Round  Only have a nucleus when first formed- but is lost as the cell matures  Life span= 120 days

38.  Red Blood Cells cont.  Made in bone marrow  Bone Marrow: soft center part of the bone

39.  Transport oxygen  Hemoglobin: protein in red blood cells that joins with oxygen  Gives the red color  Contains iron  Anemia: condition when there are too few red blood cells in the blood  Occurs due to a lack of or too little iron  Symptoms: weak feeling, tired, short of breath  Due to receiving too little oxygen  Carries oxygen

40.  White Blood Cells: cells in the blood that destroy harmful microbes, remove dead cells, and make proteins that help prevent disease  Part of the living portion of blood  Contain a nucleus  Larger than red blood cells  Life span: 10 days  Can live for months-years  ~8,000 white blood cells in one drop of blood  Made in bone marrow  Also made in the spleen, thymus gland, and tonsils

41.  Can travel out of the capillaries  To the body cells

42.  Fight infection  WBC move to the site of infection to destroy bacteria and/or other foreign invaders  During infection WBC #’s increase  After infection WBC #’s return to normal  Remove dead cells  consume dead cells

43.  Leukemia: blood cancer where the number of white blood cells increase at an abnormally fast rate.

44.  Difference between leukemia and the rise of WBC’s due to infection:  Leukemia:  WBC count can reach 100,000 or more in 1 drop of blood  # of WBC does not return to normal  When cells form in large numbers they are not normal cells  Cannot do their jobs like normal WBC  Infection:  WBC count can reach up 30,000 in 1 drop of blood  # of WBC eventually returns to normal

45.  Platelets: cell parts that aid in forming blood clots  living part of the blood  Much smaller than RBC  Injury  platelets break apart  release chemical  chemical starts formation of clot

46.  250,000 in 1 drop of blood  Life span= 5 days  Made in the bone marrow  Problems with platelets:  Too few platelets  Blood cannot clot  Platelets lack clotting chemical  Causes hemophilia  Hemophilia: disease where a person’s blood won’t clot  Minor cuts and bruises very dangerous

47.  Four main blood types:  A, B, AB, & O  Difference?  Proteins found on the red blood (antigens) cell and the plasma (antibodies)

49.  Immune System: made of proteins, cells, and tissues that identify and defend the body against foreign chemicals and organisms  Tonsils, thymus gland, lymph nodes, spleen, lymph vessels and fluid, bone marrow  Teardrops, mucus, and skin are included  Antibodies: chemicals that helps destroy bacteria or viruses  Antigens: promotes production of antibodies  Foreign objects:  toxins, bacteria, foreign blood cells, and the cells of transplanted organs

50.  http://topnews.ae/category/health/heart Heart Valves slide 5 http://topnews.ae/category/health/heart  http://encyclopedia.lubopitko-bg.com/Structure_of_the_Heart.html slide 19 http://encyclopedia.lubopitko-bg.com/Structure_of_the_Heart.html  http://radiology.vi/Pages/STR-SvcVV-Basics.html valves slide 22 http://radiology.vi/Pages/STR-SvcVV-Basics.html  http://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/everyday-innovations/artificial- heart1.htm artificial heart diagram slide 32 http://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/everyday-innovations/artificial- heart1.htm  http://singularityhub.com/2009/06/ artificial heart slide 32 http://singularityhub.com/2009/06/  http://www.bigstockphoto.com/image-23325695/stock-photo-separated-blood- sample separated blood slide 36 http://www.bigstockphoto.com/image-23325695/stock-photo-separated-blood- sample  http://jessefeatonby.blogspot.com/2011/04/haematology.html tube of blood slide 37 http://jessefeatonby.blogspot.com/2011/04/haematology.html  http://goodhealthhub.com/blood-cells/ red blood cells slide 37 http://goodhealthhub.com/blood-cells/  http://healthinfoispower.wordpress.com/2008/07/11/white-blood-cells-obtained- from-healthy-donors-to-be-tested-against-human-malignant-cancers/ white blood cell slide 40 http://healthinfoispower.wordpress.com/2008/07/11/white-blood-cells-obtained- from-healthy-donors-to-be-tested-against-human-malignant-cancers/  http://www.wadsworth.org/chemheme/heme/microscope/platelets.htm platelets slide 45 http://www.wadsworth.org/chemheme/heme/microscope/platelets.htm  http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/203271/view blood clot slide 45 http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/203271/view  http://www.excelhighschool.com/ged-practice-test/free-ged-online/science-test- p1.php blood types slide 47 http://www.excelhighschool.com/ged-practice-test/free-ged-online/science-test- p1.php  Slide 48 image taken from text book