1. REMEMBERING 2O10’S LANDSLIDES Rain-triggered, earthquake-triggered, hurricane-triggered, and wildfire- exacerbated landslides impacted people in communities around the world. Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA

2. 2010 THE YEAR OF “RECORD AND NEAR-RECORD” NATURAL DISASTERS

3. IMPACTED NATIONS Haiti, Madeira (Portugal), USA (California) Brazil, Peru, China, Taiwan, ), Mexico, Central America (Guatemala, Nicaragua), …

4. SOCIETAL IMPACTS DURING 2010 Hundreds killed and injured. Homes damaged, and destroyed. Cars damaged and destroyed. Lives and livelihoods of thousands adversely affected. Medical care needs of evacuees and displaced persons increased sharply

5. SOCIETAL IMPACTS DURING 2010 (Continued) Infrastructure (roads, bridges) damaged and destroyed. Emergency assistance slowed. $ Hundreds of millions in uninsured or self-insured economic losses.

6. BASIC PHYSICS OF LANDSLIDES Planet Earth’s Restlessness (Because of Slopes and Gravity) Causes:  Landslides

7. LANDSLIDES NATURAL PHENOMENA THAT OCCUR WITH OR WITHOUT HUMAN ACTIVITY

8. LANDSLIDES Falls, Topples, Slides, Spreads, Flows

9. LANDSLIDE HAZARD Landslides encompass all categories of gravity-related slope failures in Earth materials.

10. SLOPES Slopes are the most common landforms. Although they appear stable and static, slopes are actually dynamic, evolving systems.

11. SLOPES Material is constantly moving on slopes at rates varying from imperceptible creep to thundering avalanches and rock falls moving at high velocities.

12. THE COMBINATION OF WINTER STORMS, HEAVY RAINFALL, FLASH FLOODS AND THE RESIDUAL EFFECTS OF PAST WILDFIRES, EARTHQUAKES, HURRICANES AND TYPHOONS, TREE CLEARING, AND URBANIZATION IS INCREASING LANDSLIDE RISK EVERYWHERE.

13. PHENOMENA THAT TRIGGER LANDSLIDES Gravity slope failures are triggered by earthquake ground shaking and excessive precipitation The slope does not need to be very steep for a landslide to occur.

14. LANDSLIDES HAITI MACHU PICCHU SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA MADEIRA (Portugal) RIO DE JANEIRO

15. LANDSLIDES TAIWAN CENTRAL AMERICA CHINA Mexico

16. M7.0 EARTHQUAKE STRIKES HAITI THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE’S POOREST NATION WITH 8 IN 10 AT POVERTY LEVEL HIT HARD!! 4:53 p.m.; JANUARY 12, 2010

17. THE HAITI EARTHQUAKE AND THE CARIBBEAN PLATE

18. PORT AU PRINCE: 1.8 MILLION IN A NATION OF NINE MILLION

19. EARTHQUAKE-TRIGGERED LANDSLIDE

21. RAIN AND MUDSLIDES IN MACHU PICCHU 2,500 TOURISTS STRANDED JANUARY 28, 2010

22. On January 28, 2010, rain and mudflows devastated the homes of thousands of Peruvians living in the vicinity of Machu Picchu and created havoc for tourists visiting Machu Picchu and the Peruvian authorities.

23. MACHU PICCHU

24. Peruvian authorities used helicopters to airlift some of the foreign tourists trapped by rain and mudslides that killed seven people visiting the famed Inca ruins.

25. MUDFLOWS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA: FEB 6, 2010 THE INTERSECTION OF HEAVY RAINFALL IN FIRST WINTER STORM OF 2010 AND BURNED OUT AREAS FROM WILDFIRES OF 2009 INCREASED RISK

26. FACT: MUDSLIDES INCREASE AFTER WILDFIRES

27. LA CONCHITA, CA

28. MUDSLIDES IN LA CONCHITA, CA: JAN 13, 2010

29. MUDSLIDES IN LA CONCHITA, CA

30. CARS TRAPPED IN FLASH FLOODS AND MUDSLIDES

31. CARS TRAPPED IN MUDSLIDES

32. MUDSLIDES IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

33. ANOTHER VIEW

34. SHOVELING MUD

35. As the first storm of the 2010 season moved into Southern California, the National Weather Service issued flash-flood watches and mudflow warnings for wildfire- burn zones in mountain areas from Santa Barbara to San Bernardino counties.

36. This storm tapped into subtropical moisture, giving it the potential to bring moderate to heavy rain and create significant hazards of flash flooding and debris flows, especially in the 2009 burn areas of Santa Barbara, Ventura and Los Angeles counties.

37. WILDFIRE-BURN AREAS ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO MUDFLOWS

38. SANDBAGS: FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE AGAINST FLOODING

39. K-RAILS: FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE AGAINST MUDFLOWS

40. FLASH FLOODS AND MUDSLIDES IN THE MADEIRA ISLANDS, PORTUGAL AT LEAST 42 DEAD FEBRUARY 20-21, 2010

41. LOCATION OF MADEIRA

42. WHAT HAPPENED The worst storm to hit Madeira since 1993 lashed the south of the Atlantic Ocean island, including the capital, Funchal, Saturday, turning some streets into torrents of mud, water and debris.

43. WHAT HAPPENED (continued) The flash floods were so powerful they carved paths down mountains and ripped through the city, churning under some bridges and tearing others down.

44. FEBRUARY 21: FLASH FLOOD

45. FEBRUARY 21

46. WHAT HAPPENED (continued) Funchal’s residents and visitors had to contend with a lack of fresh water as a result of destroyed infrastructure.

47. FEBRUARY 21

48. FLOODS AND MUDSLIDES PARALYZE BRAZIL WORST IN 50 YEARS APRIL 7, 2010

49. The worst rains in Rio’s history triggered about 200 mudslides, destroying homes in hillside community slums, killing as many as 200 people, injuring hundreds more, and leaving thousands without shelter.

50. WIDESPREAD INUNDATION

51. RIO DE JANEIRO

52. CITY OF NITEROI--RIO DE JANEIRO AREA

53. FEBRUARY 25: RIO DE JANIERO, BRAZIL

54. BRAZIL: JANUARY 1, 2010

55. 10,000 homes, mostly in the slums where about a fifth of Rio's people live, often in shacks that are vulnerable to heavy rains, were severely damaged by mudslides

56. SEARCH AND RESCUE

57. LANDSLIDES IN TAIWAN EXACERBATED BY A M6.5 EARTHQUAKE AND RAIN APRIL 26, 2010

58. LOCATION

59. LANDSLIDE

60. SEARCH AND RESCUE

61. TROPICAL STORM AGATHA TRIGGERS LANDSLIDES IN CENTRAL AMERICA EXACERBATED BY PROLONGED RAINFALL MAY 29, 2010

62. Over 140 landslides were triggered in Guatemala and Nicaragua.

63. VICTIMS OF LANDSLIDES: GUATEMALA

64. LANDSLIDE IN ZHONQU COUNTY, CHINA Over 700 dead, hundreds injured, and over 1,000 missing Midnight - Saturday, August 7, 2010

65. A massive landslide triggered by heavy rainfall in Zhouqu County set in motion the side of a mountain, that damaged, toppled, and buried buildings and their sleeping residents on Sunday, August 8 th.

66. An estimated 1.8 million cubic meters of mud and debris flattened three villages in Zhouqu; In Yueyuan village, not a single structure was left undamaged after the landslides occurred.

67. MUDSLIDE: ZHONGU, CHINA

68. DAMAGED BUILDINGS

69. In addition, rock, mud, and debris from the landslide blocked the Bailong River which passes through the area, creating a 3km (2- mile) long temporary lake.

70. Water in the temporary lake overflowed, sending waves of water, mud and rocks crashing down on the town, inundating low- lying neighborhoods with up to 4 meters of water.

71. FLOODED STREETS

72. EXPLOSIONS RELEASED THE BLOCKED BAILONG RIVER

73. PRIME MINISTER WEN JIABAO CALLED FOR ACTION: AUG 8TH

74. The Chinese army deployed 5,300 soldiers with 150 vehicles, 20 speed boats and four helicopters, and rescued 1,240 people from the landslide mud and debris, or from the tops of buildings where survivors had taken refuge..

75. RESCUE WORKERS

76. Over a meter of mud in many parts of the impacted area and rugged terrain made it almost impossible for rescue teams to bring in vital heavy equipment and specialists needed for search and rescue operations.

77. A SURVIVOR AWAITING RESCUE

78. SEARCH AND RESCUE

79. A SUCCESSFUL RESCUE

81. Streams of refugees left the area, carrying a few possessions they had managed to salvage; others carrying the bodies of loved ones.

82. Power lines were down in two-thirds of the county.

83. Thousands of homeless residents were forced to live in the open, or in the rubble of unsafe buildings, as dry, stable areas were not available to establish temporary shelters using tents provided by the Government..

84. At least 45,000 people were evacuated, including the residents of downstream towns thought to be at risk from new landslides that may be triggered in conjunction with the continuing rainfall..

85. RAIN-TRIGGERED MUDSLIDE BURIES HUNDREDS IN SANTA MARIA TLAHUITOLTEPEC, STATE OF OAXACA, MEXICO SEPTEMBER, 28, 2010

86. LOCATION

88. The landslide, triggered by heavy rain fall from Hurricane Karl and tropical storm Matthew, buried hundreds in Santa Maria Tlahuitoltepec, MX, around 4 am as they slept.

89. TROPICAL STORM MATTHEW: SEPT 24, 2010

90. Matthew moved northward towards Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula with heavy rain fall.

91. During 2010, Oaxaca and some other parts of Mexico endured their worst rainy season on record, with heavy flooding and mudslides forcing thousands from their homes.

92. Santa Maria Tlahuitoltepec, famous for its colonial buildings and archaeological sites, is the home of the indigenous Mixe culture, which is considered one of Mexico's poorest of the poor.

93. A VIEW OF THE LANDSLIDE

95. The slide dragged several houses some 400 m down the hillside along with cars, livestock and light poles.

96. Bad weather and roads damaged by earlier mudslides kept emergency rescue teams from reaching the residents of Santa Maria Tlahuitoltepec

97. It is not clear how many homes were damaged or buried in the slide and how many were killed.