1. Chapter 8 Thinking, Intelligence, and Language

2. Chapter Preview Cognitive Revolution in Psychology Thinking
Intelligence
Language
Thinking, Problem-Solving, and Health and Wellness

3. The Cognitive Revolution
cognition – how information is processed and manipulated when remembering, thinking, and knowing
1950s: psychology resumes focus on the mind and mental processes
computers: an analogy for the mind/brain
- artificial intelligence (AI)
IM: Artificial Intelligence Activity

4. The Computer Analogy
IM: Artificial Intelligence Activity

5. Thinking
concepts – mental categories used to group objects, events, and characteristics
prototype model – all instances of a concept are compared to a prototype (ideal example) of that concept

6. Steps in Problem Solving
Find and frame problem
Develop good problem-solving strategies (subgoals, algorithms, heuristics)
Evaluate solutions
Rethink and redefine problems and solutions over time
IM: Activity Handout 9.1: Solve This Problem

7. Problem-Solving Obstacles
fixation
- using a prior strategy only
functional fixedness
- fixated on usual functions

8. Reasoning
mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions
inductive reasoning
- driven by data; bottom-up; specific  general
deductive reasoning
- driven by logic; top-down; general  specific

9. Reasoning and Decision Making

10. Decision Making evaluating alternatives and making choices among them
attempting to maximize outcome
IM: Decision Making Activity

11. Reasoning and Decision Making
System I – automatic
rapid, heuristic, intuitive
System II – controlled
slower, effortful, analytical

12. Decision-Making Biases
Confirmation Bias
search only for info that supports our ideas
Hindsight Bias
report falsely that we predicted an outcome
Availability Heuristic
predict probability based on ease of recall
Base-Rate Fallacy
ignore info about general principles
Representativeness Heuristic
make judgments based on stereotypes

13. Critical Thinking
thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating the evidence
mindfulness – alert and mentally present
open-mindedness – receptive to new ways of looking at things

14. Emotion and Cognition moods influence the way we think
bad moods >> use careful logic to solve problems
good moods >> efficiency, originality, creativity, ignore irrelevant info

15. Creative Thinking Divergent versus Convergent Thinking
Characteristics of Creative Thinkers
brainstorm
flexibility and playful thinking
inner motivation
willingness to face risk
objective evaluation of work
IM: Activity Handout 9.2: How Do You Think This Invention Came About?

16. Intelligence What is intelligence?
definitions of intelligence reflect culture
U.S. – Spearman’s g
measuring intelligence
- validity
- reliability
- standardization
What is intelligence? Instructors might begin this section by asking students to discuss how they define intelligence either individually or in small groups.

17. Intelligence Tests: Criteria
What is intelligence? Instructors might begin this section by asking students to discuss how they define intelligence either individually or in small groups.

18. Intelligence Tests Binet – Mental Age (MA)
Stern – Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
normal distribution
Stanford-Binet Test

19. Intelligence: Normal Distribution

20. Influences on Testing Cultural Bias in Testing
culture-fair tests (e.g., Raven Progressive Matrices)
Genetic Influences on Intelligence
heritability
increases with age
Environmental Influences on Intelligence
Flynn effect
IM: Cultural Bias in IQ Testing Activity
IM: Nature vs. Nurture Activity

21. The Flynn Effect IM: Cultural Bias in IQ Testing Activity
IM: Nature vs. Nurture Activity

22. Variations in Intelligence
Giftedness: usually IQ ≥ 130
Terman – socially well adjusted and successful as adults
importance of innate ability
Intellectual disability: usually IQ < 70
organic versus cultural-familial disabilities
mild, moderate and severe/profound
adaptive behavior deficits (conceptual, social, practical)

23. Theories of Multiple Intelligences
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
analytical intelligence
creative intelligence
practical intelligence
IM: Activity Handout 9.3: Which Type of Intelligence is It?

24. Theories of Multiple Intelligences
Gardner’s Frames of Mind
verbal mathematical
spatial bodily-kinesthetic
interpersonal intrapersonal
naturalist existentialist
musical

25. Language
Language form of spoken, written, or signed communication based on symbols Infinite Generativity ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences

26. Structure of Language Phonology - basic phonemes (sounds)
Morphology - rules for word formation
Syntax - rules for combining words to form phrases and sentences
Semantics - meaning of words and sentences
Pragmatics - use of language
IM: Activity Handout 9.4: The Structure of Language

27. Language and Cognition
Can you think without using language?
Whorf’s linguistic relativity hypothesize
“language determines thought”
role of cognition in language
role of language in cognition
IM: Biological and Environmental Influences on Language Activity

28. Gender Differences in Language Are women more talkative?
Gender and Language
Gender Differences in Language Are women more talkative?
IM: Biological and Environmental Influences on Language Activity 28

29. Influences on Language
Biological Influences
language universals
hemispheric specialization
Environmental Influences
behavioral view (learned skill)
language exposure (case of Genie)
IM: Biological and Environmental Influences on Language Activity 29

30. Development of Language

31. Learning a Second Language as an Adult
Sensitive Periods in Language Learning
new sounds/accent and new grammar
new vocabulary
IM: Language and Education Activity

32. Thinking, Problem-Solving, and Health and Wellness
Cognitive Appraisal and Coping
primary appraisal
secondary appraisal
cognitive reappraisal
IM: Types of Coping Activity

33. Chapter Summary
Describe cognitive psychology and discuss the role of the computer in the development of the field.
Explain the processes and human limitations in problem solving, reasoning, and decision making.
Describe intelligence and its measurement.
Discuss influences on intelligence and types of intelligence.
Identify the connections between language and thought and summarize how language is acquired and develops.
Discuss the importance of cognitive appraisal with respect to stress and describe various styles of coping.
Note: Instructors may use the learning objectives presented on this slide or the following two slides to summarize the chapter material.

34. Chapter Summary Cognitive Revolution Thinking
prototype model of concepts
problem-solving steps and barriers
reasoning and decision making
- inductive, deductive, and intuitive
- biases
critical and creative thinking

35. Chapter Summary Thinking, Problem-Solving, and Health and Wellness
Intelligence
IQ tests: measurement, Binet, normal curve
influences on intelligence test scores
extremes and types of intelligence
Language
structure, development, and influences
Thinking, Problem-Solving, and Health and Wellness
cognitive appraisal and coping strategies