1. Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Blent I. Kastarlak Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Bülent I. Kastarlak © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved

2. Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Blent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Bülent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Basic Principles of Planning and Developing Tourism Part One:

3. Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Blent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Bülent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Understanding Tourism Development Understanding Tourism Development Chapter One:

4. Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Blent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Bülent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved  An estimated 2.5 billion people are trying to survive on $2 or less a day  The poor typically lack access to education, adequate health services, clean water and sanitation  Rising inequality over the 1990s severely reduced potential impact on poverty from the rapid growth experienced by many countries 1.1 World Development Trends

5. Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Blent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Bülent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved 1.1 World Development Trends Projected GDP increase for developing countries will decline to 7.1% in 2008 High-income countries are predicted to grow by a modest 2.2% Projected GDP increase for developing countries will decline to 7.1% in 2008 High-income countries are predicted to grow by a modest 2.2% Source: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank: The World Bank Annual Report 2008, The Year in Review, pp.13–15

6. Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Blent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Bülent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved 1.2 World Bank Strategy for Eliminating Poverty Goal 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Goal 2 Achieve universal primary education Goal 3 Promote gender equality and empower women Goal 4 Reduce child mortality Goal 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Goal 2 Achieve universal primary education Goal 3 Promote gender equality and empower women Goal 4 Reduce child mortality Common targets of the international development community Source: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank: The World Bank Annual Report 2008, The Year in Review, p.17

7. Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Blent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Bülent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Goal 5 Improve maternal health Goal 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases Goal 7 Ensure environmental sustainability Goal 8 Develop a global partnership for development Goal 5 Improve maternal health Goal 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases Goal 7 Ensure environmental sustainability Goal 8 Develop a global partnership for development Common targets of the international development community Source: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank: The World Bank Annual Report 2008, The Year in Review, p.17 1.2 World Bank Strategy for Eliminating Poverty

8. Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Blent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Bülent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved  The World Bank has established the following strategic priorities for its actions: ― Build the economic conditions for investment, jobs, and sustainable growth ― Invest in poor people and empower them to participate in development ― Reach across country boundaries and address issues regionally and globally ― Improve management and finance practices 1.2 World Bank Strategy for Eliminating Poverty

9. Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Blent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Bülent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Pro-poor tourism: Paying greater attention to the role tourism development can play in reducing poverty 1.2 World Bank Strategy for Eliminating Poverty

10. Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Blent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Bülent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved  Travel refers to the activity of travelers  Travelers are those who undertake travel ― Domestic, inbound or outbound 1.7 Definitions of “Tourism” and “Tourist”

11. Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Blent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Bülent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved  Domestic travel is travel within a country by residents  Inbound travel is travel to a country by non-residents  Outbound travel is travel outside a country by residents 1.7 Definitions of “Tourism” and “Tourist”

12. Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Blent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Bülent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved  A trip refers to travel by a person from the time of departure from his/her usual residence until he/she returns—a round trip  An inbound trip is the travel between arriving in a country and leaving  A domestic trip or an outbound trip will correspond to the travel between leaving the place of residence and returning 1.7 Definitions of “Tourism” and “Tourist”

13. Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Blent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Bülent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved  A visitor is a traveler taking a trip to a main destination outside his/her usual environment ― For less than a year; for any main purpose other than employment  Such trips taken qualify as tourism trips ― Tourism refers to the activity of visitors 1.7 Definitions of “Tourism” and “Tourist” Tourism is therefore a subset of travel, and visitors are a subset of travelers

14. Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Blent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Bülent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved  A visitor (domestic, inbound or outbound) is classified as: ― A tourist (or overnight visitor) if his/her trip includes an overnight stay ― A same-day visitor (or excursionist), otherwise 1.7 Definitions of “Tourism” and “Tourist”

15. Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Blent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Bülent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved  International tourist arrivals reached 903 million in 2007—up 6.6% from 2006  International tourism receipts rose to US $856 billion in 2007—up 5.6% from 2006  Receipts from international passenger transport are estimated at US $165 billion  10 top destinations showed no major changes  Outbound tourism in the past years has been increasingly driven by emerging source markets 1.8 World Tourism Trends

16. Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Blent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Bülent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved  Conclusions drawn from these trends: ― Leisure travel is a function of disposable income As is business travel, to an extent ― As disposable income grows in richer countries, international tourists increasingly demand more convenience and better service ― Standards of facilities & services for domestic tourism may vary widely from generally accepted international tourism standards ― Personal security plays a major role in selecting a tourism destination 1.8 World Tourism Trends

17. Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Blent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Bülent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved 1.9 Tourism as an Overlapping Economic Sector

18. Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Blent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Bülent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved 1.10 Allocation of Factors of Production for Tourism Development

19. Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Blent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Bülent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Six fundamental economic questions: 1.10 Allocation of Factors of Production for Tourism Development What products will be produced? How much of each product will be produced? Where will the products be produced? How will the products be produced? For whom will the products be produced? When will the products be produced? What products will be produced? How much of each product will be produced? Where will the products be produced? How will the products be produced? For whom will the products be produced? When will the products be produced?

20. Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Blent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Bülent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Increasing returns to scale: 1.10 Allocation of Factors of Production for Tourism Development When labor, land, and all other inputs are prepared in the proper proportions and quantities, the result could be a higher multiplier

21. Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Blent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Bülent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved  The city–region service relationship is defined by central place theory ― A central place is an urban center where economic activities originate and disperse to a service area, hinterland or region, around it ― The relationship between the central place and its region is symbiotic Reciprocal and complementary activities flow in both directions 1.11 Economic Geography of Tourism and the Theory of Central Places

22. Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Blent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Bülent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved  The city–region service relationship is defined by central place theory ― Factors determining the perimeter of the service region may depend primarily on city–region relationships But may also be independent of them ― Factors determining the perimeter of the tourism region are often independent of these relations 1.11 Economic Geography of Tourism and the Theory of Central Places

23. Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Blent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Bülent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved  Walter Christaller showed that: ― Urban centers have a rank order Centers of various population sizes form a hierarchy over the geography of the land ― If one center of this hierarchy is removed, the system will readjust to compensate For functions the center previously performed ― Larger cities will be spaced farther apart than smaller towns and villages ― The geographic pattern of urban centers is a product of particular social-economic-physical forces that create the ordered network 1.11 Economic Geography of Tourism and the Theory of Central Places

24. Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Blent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Bülent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved  Christaller’s two classes of goods and services produced by central places: ― Dispersed goods ― Central goods and services 1.11 Economic Geography of Tourism and the Theory of Central Places

25. Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Blent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Bülent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Source: United Nations World Tourism Organization: http://www.unep.fr/scp/tourism/sustain Sustainable tourism development should: Make optimal use of environmental resources that constitute a key element in tourism development, maintaining essential ecological processes and helping conserve natural heritage and biodiversity 1.3 Sustainable Tourism as an Agent for Reducing Poverty

26. Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Blent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Bülent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Sustainable tourism development should: Respect the socio-cultural authenticity of host communities, conserve their built and living cultural heritage and traditional values, and contribute to inter-cultural understanding and tolerance Source: United Nations World Tourism Organization: http://www.unep.fr/scp/tourism/sustain 1.3 Sustainable Tourism as an Agent for Reducing Poverty

27. Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Blent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Bülent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Ensure viable, long-term economic operations, providing fairly distributed socio-economic benefits to stakeholders—including stable employment and income-earning opportunities, social services to host communities, and contributing to poverty alleviation Sustainable tourism development should: Source: United Nations World Tourism Organization: http://www.unep.fr/scp/tourism/sustain 1.3 Sustainable Tourism as an Agent for Reducing Poverty

28. Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Blent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Bülent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved  Ground rules in planning sustainable tourism: ― Benefits from tourism are received immediately Natural, historical, cultural, and other resources are protected for the long-term future ― Tourism development is planned/managed in a way that avoids social & environmental damage In the near or long term 1.3 Sustainable Tourism as an Agent for Reducing Poverty

29. Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Blent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Bülent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved  Ground rules in planning sustainable tourism: ― Tourism development enhances environmental quality and social well-being wherever it occurs So that tourism destinations retain their marketability and competitive advantage ― Tourism development and management is an integral part of national & regional development 1.3 Sustainable Tourism as an Agent for Reducing Poverty

30. Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Blent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Bülent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Kastarlak identified two principal characteristics of tourism fundamental to understanding the dynamics of the tourism industry: It is not a traditional industrial sector… at least not presently Its product can be consumed only at its place of production It is not a traditional industrial sector… at least not presently Its product can be consumed only at its place of production 1.5 Tourism as a Production and Consumption Process

31. Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Blent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Bülent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved  The Demonstration Effect: ― Tourism has great potential for providing exposure to different cultures ― Applies both to traveling tourists and to receiving host populations at the destination ― Interaction between the two portrays norms, values, social structure, and social organization of both parties ― The demonstration effect can take place spontaneously or it can be planned 1.6 The Demonstration Effect of Tourism and Social Change

32. Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Blent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Bülent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved  A social structure consists of a set of consistently repeated social relationships among groups, individuals, or positions  Social stratification is a subclass of social structure, or a ranking system, among the participants in social relationships 1.6 The Demonstration Effect of Tourism and Social Change

33. Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Blent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber Fundamentals of Planning and Developing Tourism Bülent I. Kastarlak and Brian Barber © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Chapter End