1. MSE608C – Engineering and Financial Cost Analysis
Financial Ratios and Analysis

2. Analyzing Financial Statements
Balance Sheet
The financial condition of the company on a certain date (a snapshot on that date)
Income Statement
The financial performance of the company over a period of time (the accounting period)
Cash Flow Statement
Sources and Uses of Cash over the accounting period
Financial Ratios
Compares financial data to create insightful relationships about the company’s financial health and operating performance.

3. Types of Financial Ratios
Liquidity
Measures a firms ability to meet it near-term obligations.
Working capital or Efficiency
Indication of how well a firm is using it’s assets to generate profits.
Capital Structure or Solvency
Provide indications on how a firms is financing it’s investment in assets.
Profitability or Operating
Used to measure if a company is generating sufficient returns on it’s investments.
Investment or Market Test
Measures used by many investors to compare a company’s earnings and dividend payments to it’s stock price.

4. Liquidity Ratios
Liquidity measures the financial strength of an organization and it’s ability to pay it’s debts.
Liquidity
The measure of a company’s ability to meet current obligations when they are due.
Current obligations are all current expenses
Salaries Payable; Accounts Payable; and Rent Payable
The two common Liquidity Ratios:
Current ratio;
Quick, or Acid Test

5. Liquidity Ratios Current Ratio Quick Ratio
Current Ratio = Current Assets
Current Liabilities
Current Assets include cash; marketable securities; accounts receivable; inventory; and prepaid expenses.
Quick Ratio
Quick Ratio = Quick Assets
Uses only the most liquid assets; cash, marketable securities and accounts receivable.

6. Questions???? How can a company manipulate it’s Liquidity ratios?
What would happen if a company changed from FIFO to LIFO to account for Inventory valuation?
Where would clues be found to indicate the Liquidity ratio was manipulated?

7. Working Capital Ratios
Measures how effectively a company utilizes it’s Working Capital to generate profits
Inventory
Inventory turnover
Accounts Receivable
Accounts Receivable Turnover
Average Collection Period
Accounts Payable
Accounts payable payment period
Assets
Fixed Asset Turnover
Total Asset Turnover

8. Inventory Inventory Turnover
Inventory Turnover = COGS
Average Inventory
This tells how many times the inventory turned-over during the accounting period. The more times the inventory is turned, or used, the more efficient the company.
Inventory is expensive to purchase and hold.
Faster turnover means less risk of obsolescence.
On the other hand, the company must avoid stockouts and lost business.

9. Accounts Receivable Accounts Receivable Turnover
Accounts Receivable Turnover = Annual Credit Sales
Average Accounts Receivables
Indicator of how well credit sales are collected. The more times Accounts Receivable is turned over, the more efficient the company and more working capital is available.
Average Collection Period
Average Collection Period = Average Accounts Receivables
(Annual Credit Sales ¸ 365)
Calculates the average number of days it takes to collect payments due.
Can indicate a problem if higher than the credit terms that are offered.
A low number may indicate a company is only selling to customers who pay quickly. There may be untapped opportunities for new customers.

10. Accounts Payable Accounts Payable Payment Period
Accounts Payable Payment Period = Average Accounts Payable
(Annual Credit Purchase¸365)
The amount of credit purchases is not usually available in financial statements; use Cost-of-Goods-Sold or other figure as a replacement.
Identifies the average number of days from receipt of goods or services until they are paid.
The longer the Period the more working capital is held and available to the company.
This is non-interest borrowing except for the loss of Prompt Payment Discounts. .

11. Assets Fixed Asset Turnover Total Asset Turnover
Fixed Asset Turnover = Sales Revenue
Average Fixed Assets
Total Asset Turnover
Total Asset Turnover = Sales Revenue
Average Total Assets
These ratios indicate how effectively a company is utilizing it’s assets, both current assets and non-current assets to generate Revenues.

12. Questions ???
If the Accounts Receivable Collection period changed from 36 days to 48 days what would this indicated?
What is the impact if the Inventory Turnover rate goes from 7.3 times to 6.2?

13. Capital Structure Ratios
Provide indications on how a firms is financing it’s investments in assets.
Total Debt
Total Debt to Owners’ Equity
Total Debt to Total Assets
Long-term Debt
Long-term Debt to Total Capitalization
Interest Expense
Times Interest Earned
Debt Financing: requires repayment of the principle and interest.
Equity Financing: No obligation to repay and no interest.

14. Total Debt Total Debt to Owners’ Equity Total Debt to Total Assets
Total Debt = Current liabilities + non-current liabilities
Measures the relationship between borrowed funds and equity financing
A company with a higher percentage than similar companies may use too much borrowing compared to owner financing.
Total Debt to Total Assets
Total Debt to Total Assets = Total Debt
Total Assets
Measures the extent to which total asset are financed by borrowed funds (as opposed to owners equity)
A company with a higher percentage than similar companies may have problems borrowing more money.

15. Long-term Debt Long-term Debt to Total Capitalization
Long-term Debt to Total Capitalization = Non-current liabilities
Total Capitalization
Total Capitalization = Long-term Debt + Owners’ Equity
It measures the percentage of Long-term debt to all permanently invested capital from all sources.
Some analyst include deferred taxes in total capitalization since it may essentially be a permanent investment in the company.
The ratio will vary by business and industry.
A small corporation may have a high ratio due to a high level of borrowed funds and a low amount of equity financing.
A larger, publicly traded corporation will have a lower ratio due to a high level of equity financing.

16. Interest Expense Times Interest Earned
Times Interest Earned Ratio = Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT)
Interest Expense
EBIT is found on the Income Statement as the net Operating Profit before subtracting interest expense and taxes.
Measures the ratio of the Operating Profit available to service debt.
The higher the number the greater the safety margin and the lower the risk a company can pay it’s debts.

17. Questions ???
A high Total Debt to Owners Equity ratio could have what implications?
How could this be corrected?

18. Profitability Ratios
Used to measure if a company is generating sufficient returns on it’s investments.
Sales
Gross Profit Margin
Operating Profit Margin
Net Profit Margin
Equity
Return on Equity (ROE)
Assets
Return on Assets (ROA)

19. Sales Gross Profit Margin Gross Profit Margin = Gross Profit
Net Sales Revenue
Gross Profit = Nets Sales - COGS
Net Sales Revenue = Sales Revenues - returns.
Represents the markup on Cost of Goods Sold
Represents the amount of net sales that will cover operating expenses, interest and taxes.
A common measure used by engineering and sales managers. New products or services must almost always meet a minimum Gross Profit Margin before it is offered.

20. Sales Operating Profit Margin Net Profit Margin
Operating Profit Margin = Net operating income
Net Sales Revenue
Used as a measure of operating efficiency in relation to sales revenues.
Net Profit Margin
Net Profit Margin = Net Income
Measures the relationship of net profit to sales revenues.
Will show how many cents on each sales revenue dollar becomes profit.

21. Equity and Assets Return on Equity (ROE) Return on Assets (ROA)
Return on Equity = Net Income
Average Owners’ Equity
Measures the percentage of owners’ equity that becomes profit.
Measures a company’s return on owner financing.
Return on Assets (ROA)
Return on Equity = ______EBIT________
Average Total Assets
Measure a company’s return on it’s investment in total assets.
Use EBIT to account for Interest (a function of Capital Investment)

22. Questions ???
A high Gross Profit Margin always means a high Net Profit Margin?
What types of Industries would require a high Gross Profit Margin?
Why do some analyst look primarily at a company’s Operating Profit Margin rather than the Net Profit Margin?

23. Investment/Market Test Ratios
Measures used by many investors to compare a company’s earnings and dividend payments to stock prices.
Earnings per Share
Price to Earnings
Dividend Yield

24. Investment/Market Test Ratios
Earnings per Share (EPS)
EPS = Net Income
Average number of shares of common stock
Calculating the number of shares of common stock is complicated by stock options, warrants and convertible securities.
Price to Earnings (P/E)
P/E = AverageMarket Price per Share
Earnings per Share
Indicates how many time Earnings investors are willing to pay for shares.
Dividend Yield
Dividend Yield = Dividends per Share
Market Price per Share
The percent yield in dividends per dollar paid for a share of stock.

25. Analyzing the Results
Ratio analysis is a tool that can provide insights into a company’s performance not readily available on the financial statements.
Compare to benchmarks
Historical benchmarks (trends)
External benchmarks

26. Analyzing Financial Statements
Financial Information
Balance Sheet
Income Statement
Cash Flow Statement
Financial Ratios
Trends
Industry Norms
Industry/Competitive Analysis

28. Assessment What are the five (5) categories of financial ratios?
Generally, what does each group tell you about a company?
What do the Investment ratios tell you about the performance of a company?
What are the two benchmarks used for comparision?