1. 1 Oil and Gas Equipment Types, Controls and Emission Rates Scott F. Archer USDI – BLM National Science & Technology Center September 12, 2007

2. 2 What is wrong with O&G? There is a lot of it. There will be more of it. The process is fragmented. Many small sources, not subject to permitting.

3. 3 And it’s Ugly.

4. 4 Where does it come from? Oil Gas Coal Coal Bed Methane Oil Shale Tar Sands

5. 5 Where is it located?

6. 6

7. 7 Multiple Companies Exploration Drilling Servicing Trucking Pipelines Compressors Refining Sales

8. 8 Leasing

9. 9 Drilling Very large diesel engines (500-1500 hp) Going to year-round operation Going to multiple wells off a single pad

10. 10 Testing Post “Fracting” Large quantities of water “Free” flow to determine drawdown CO, NOx, possible SO 2 emissions

11. 11 “Oil” Well Small well head engines Separator Dehydration Evap Pond Storage tanks Waste pit

12. 12 Dehydrator

13. 13 Tanks Water and/or crude VOCs and HAPs Sometimes H 2 S

14. 14 Tanker Trucks Regular servicing VOC emissions Truck Exhaust Road Dust

15. 15 Gas Compression Wide range of sizes and types Single cylinder Pop- pops Converted Auto Engines 500 hp + engines Electrification Use on-site fuels

16. 16 The “Good”…

17. 17 The “Typical”… (and not so typical)

18. 18 and the “Ugly”

19. 19 Exploration Three conditions must be present: 1)source rock, rich in organic material; 2)reservoir rock, such as porous and permeable limestone or dolomite; and 3)a trapping mechanism, such as an anticline or faulted strata.

20. 20 Exploration Methods to locate: 1)Maps; 2)Exploratory well “cuttings;” and 3)Geophysical studies (gravity, magnetic, seismic reflectionsa trapping mechanism, such as an anticline or faulted strata.

21. 21 Exploration ISSUE #37 | November 2005 © Phoenix Geophysics Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources

22. 22 Well Drilling Drill-site preparation (blading well pad) Rig up (transport by truck) “Spuding in” (beginning drilling operation) Drilling, casing and logging “Fracting” or “stimulating” Testing and cementing (flaring) Completion (Well Head)

23. 23 Well Drilling

24. 24 Drill Rigs Water rig for CBM produced-water disposal in the Powder River Basin between Buffalo and Gillette, WY. Proposed drilling depth is 14,000 feet

25. 25 Production

26. 26 Production Artificial lift (Pumpjack) Well Head Compression Separators (glycol) De-hydrators Tanks or pipelines

27. 27 Ancillary Facilities VALERUS SUPPLIED AMJAD SUPPORTED TURNKEY APPLICATIONS Natural Gas CompressionProduction EquipmentProcess EquipmentFluid Control Wellhead CompressionSeparatorsAmine Storage & Transfer Pump Systems Gas GatheringDehydratorsDew Point ControlProduced Water Injection Vapor RecoveryCoolers CO2/H2S Removal Amine or Membrane Power Generation Gas StorageSand TrapsRefrigerationNatural Gas Generator Sets Gas Pipeline Booster Stations Oil & Gas Line Heaters Cryogenic Diesel Generator Sets Injection (Air or Gas) Meter SkidsJT Fuel ConditioningStandby Units Gas LiftDiesel & Gasoline RefineriesDe-aerator & Boiler Feed WaterContinuous Power Units CNGGas FiltrationTurbo Drive Generator Sets Gas Process Oil & Gas Line Heaters Co-Generation Onshore & OffshoreEnvironmental SolutionsPower Plants

28. 28 Ancillary Facilities Gas sweetening (Amine Plant) Sales/Pipeline Compression Waste water injection Amine Sweetening Process LARGE COMPRESSOR STATION IN WYOMING Photos provided by Jeff Blend, Montana DEQ

29. 29 Secondary Recovery Water flooding Also tertiary recovery with CO2 gas injection

30. 30 Air Pollutant Emissions

31. 31 Air Pollutant Emissions

32. 32 Air Pollutant Emissions

33. 33 Air Pollutant Emissions

34. 34 Air Pollutant Emissions

35. 35 Air Pollutant Emissions

36. 36 Alaskan Inspection and Enforcement For more information Contact Scott F. Archer Senior Air Resource Specialist 303.236.6400 scott_archer@blm.gov

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