1. 1. Punctuation 1 End Marks Kinds of Sentences and End Marks With Abbreviations With Outlines

2. 2. Kinds of Sentences and End Marks Imagine Brownsville without any traffic lights or stop signs. There would be utter confusion. The result of writing without end marks or commas would be very much the same. A sentence may have one of four different purposes or functions. The purpose of a sentence determines the punctuation mark that goes at the end. A sentence may be declarative, imperative, interrogative, or exclamatory.

3. 3. Kinds of Sentences and End Marks A declarative sentence makes a statement or expresses an opinion and ends with a period. The following examples are declarative sentences. Notice that the second sentence makes a statement, even though it contains an indirect question. ◦ My brothers were going to the tennis courts. ◦ I asked them what time they were leaving home. (A direct question would be What time are they leaving home?)

4. 4. Kinds of Sentences and End Marks A second purpose of a sentence is to give directions, make requests, or give commands. The subject of these kinds of sentences is usually an understood you. An imperative sentence gives a direction, makes a request, or gives a command. It ends with either a period or an exclamation point.

5. 5. Kinds of Sentences and End Marks Although all of the following examples are imperative, two are followed by a period, and one is followed by an exclamation point. ◦ Turn left when you see the tennis courts. ◦ Please take me with you. ◦ Call the police! (This command would be stated with great excitement or emphasis.)

6. 6. Kinds of Sentences and End Marks An interrogative sentence asks a question and ends with a question mark. The following examples are interrogative sentences. Notice that the second example is phrased as a statement but is intended as a question. ◦ Where is my tennis racket? ◦ You have played tennis eight times this weekend?

7. 7. Kinds of Sentences and End Marks Some questions are not expressed completely; nevertheless, they are followed by a question mark. You have decided not to play tennis. Why?

8. 8. Kinds of Sentences and End Marks An exclamatory sentence expresses strong feeling or emotion and ends with an exclamation point. The following examples are exclamatory sentences. Notice they express strong feeling. ◦ I beat my brother at tennis! ◦ I feel fabulous!

9. 9. Kinds of Sentences and End Marks Use exclamatory sentences sparingly when you write. They lose their impact when they are used too often. Remember that an exclamation point also follows an interjection. ◦ Wow! That was my best match ever.

10. 10. APPLY TO WRITING Instructions: Sentence Variety You have been asked by your coach to explain the rules of your favorite sport to someone who has never played the game before. Write a paragraph in which you explain the basics that everyone beginning the sport should know. Try to give thorough directions while conveying just how much fun the sport is. Use at least one of each type of sentence – declarative, interrogative, exclamatory, and imperative – as you write.

11. 11. Other Uses of Periods: With Abbreviations Abbreviations Titles with NamesMr.Ms.Rev.Sgt.Jr. Mrs.Dr.Gen.Lt.Sr. Initials for NamesR. L. Rosen, Sarah E. Campbell J. J. Jackson, K. Petra Beck Times with NumbersA.M (ante meridiem - before noon) P.M. (post meridiem – after noon) B.C.E. (before the common era) C. E. (the common era) AddressesAve.St.Blvd.Rt.Dept. Organizations andCo.Inc.Corp.Assn. Companies

12. 12. Some organizations and companies are known by abbreviations that stand for their full name. The majority of these abbreviations do not use periods. A few other common abbreviations also do not include periods. FAA = Federal Aviation Administration UN = United Nations CIA = Central Intelligence Agency IQ = intelligence quotient km = kilometer

13. 13. If an abbreviation is the last word of a statement, only one period is used. Two marks are needed when a sentence ends with an abbreviation and a question mark or exclamation point. I would like to introduce you to Ronald Franklin, Jr. Should I meet you at 10:00 P.M.?

14. 14. Today almost everyone uses the U.S. Postal Service’s two-letter state abbreviations. These abbreviations do not include periods. A list of these abbreviations can be found in the front of most telephone books. The following are a few examples. AK = AlaskaMI = Michigan AL = AlabamaNV = Nevada CT = ConnecticutNY = New York HI = HawaiiOH = Ohio MD = MarylandTX = Texas ME = MaineUT = Utah

15. 15. Other Uses of Periods With Outlines Use a period after each number or letter that shows a division in an outline. I.Guitars A.Electric 1. Hollow body 2. Solid body B.Acoustic II.Drums A. Hand B.Zylo

16. 16. Connect to the Writing Process: Editing Correcting End Punctuation Rewrite the following outline, adding periods where needed. I Types of Businesses A Corp B Co C Inc II States A Eastern 1 NY 2 VT 3 MA B Western 1 CA 2 OR 3 WA III Organizations A FBI B NATO C UN

17. 17. APPLY TO WRITING OUTLING: USING PERIODS Write an outline of what you ate yesterday. Use a separate Roman numeral for each meal and snack. Be sure to list all the food you had at each meal. As you make your outline, be sure that you place periods appropriately throughout.