1. Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory

2. True or False?? 1.When people go around a circle saying their names, their poorest memories are for what was said by the person just before them. 2. Our experiences are etched on our brain, just as the grooves on a tape receive and retain recorded messages. 3. Although our capacity for storing information is large, we are still limited in the number of permanent memories we can store. 4. The hour before sleep is a good time to commit information to memory.

4. Recall vs Recognition Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy Smiley Jumpy Hopeful Shy Droopy Dopey Sniffy Wishful Puffy Dumpy Sneezy Lazy Pop Grumpy Bashful Cheerful Teach Shorty Nifty Happy Doc Wheezy P-Diddy

5. The Answers Research suggests the order, from most likely to least likely recalled is as follows: –Sleepy –Dopey –Grumpy –Sneezy –Happy –Doc –Bashful

6. Seven Dwarfs and STM Now, turn over the sheet and recall the names of the seven dwarfs on the back of the sheet

7. Memory –persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information

8. Memory Encoding –the processing of information into the memory system Storage –the retention of encoded information over time Retrieval –process of getting information out of memory

9. Ebbinghaus and Memory Systematic and controlled study of memory in laboratory H. Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)

10. Ebbinghaus and Memory Ebbinghaus –Used nonsense syllables: TUV ZOF GEK MONUL WAV FALEM –the more times practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2

11. Ebbinghaus’ Retention Curve 20 15 10 5 0 8162432425364 Time in minutes taken to relearn list on day 2 Number of repetitions of list on day 1

12. Most forgetting occurs right after learning –approx. 50% in first 40 min Relationship between delay and forgetting not linear Ebbinghaus and Forgetting Curve

13. Ebbinghaus and Memory Other important findings –Beneficial effects of distributed practice for repetitions (ie., ‘spacing effect’) –List-length effect

14. Encoding Automatic Processing Effortful Processing Encoding EffortfulAutomatic

15. Types of Encoding Encoding Meaning Acoustic Encoding Visual Encoding

16. Encoding Aids Meaning (semantics) Imagery Mnemonics –memory aids –E.g., ‘peg-word’ system

17. Encoding Aids Mnemonics –Method of loci

18. Encoding Aids Chunking –organizing items into familiar, manageable units –use of acronyms HOMES-Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior

19. Remember as many of the following numbers as you can: 1776198514922004

20. Remember as many of the following letters as you can: XIBMSATMTVPHDX X IBM SAT MTV PHD X

21. Encoding Aids Hierarchies –Organization of knowledge under narrower concepts/headings Rehearsal –conscious repetition of information

22. Memory Storages Sensory Short term (working memory) Long term

23. The Modal Memory System

24. Stage 1: Sensory Memory Iconic memory was demonstrated in Sperling’s classic experiment, and lasts about 1/3 second Echoic memory Iconic and echoic memory systems may allow us to experience the world as a continuous stream

25. Stage 1: Sensory Memory

26. Stage 2: Short-Term Memory Short-Term Memory –limited in duration and capacity –George Miller’s “magical” number 7 +/- 2

27. Stage 2: Short-Term Memory 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 369121518 Time in seconds between presentation of contestants and recall request (no rehearsal allowed) Percentage who recalled consonants Rapid decay with no rehearsal

28. Stage 3: Long-Term Memory Rajan Mahadevan’s Amazing Memory –Memorized first 30,000 numbers of PI Solomon Shereshevskii –“What a crumbly yellow voice you have.” –Would “feel” images, “taste” colors, and “smell” sounds

29. Stage 3: Long Term Memory

30. Long Term Memory Systems Explicit memory involves conscious effort Implicit memory occurs without deliberate effort

31. Explicit Memory Explicit memory involves the processes used to remember specific information which can be declared Episodic memory is personal Semantic memory involves knowledge of facts

32. Implicit Memory Implicit memory is the pervasive process by which people show without awareness that they are remembering something Implicit memory does not require attention and is automatic Consider “procedural memory” Repetition priming

33. Retrieval Recall –retrieve information learned earlier Recognition –identify items previously learned

35. Retrieval Cues Reminders of information we could not otherwise recall Guides to where to look for info –Context Effects Priming –the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

36. Retrieval: Priming

37. Retrieval: State Dependence 0 10 20 30 40 Water/ land Land/ water Water/ water Different contexts for hearing and recall Same contexts for hearing and recall Land/ land Percentage of words recalled

38. Retrieval Mood-Congruent Memory –tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood

40. Forgetting Interference –Proactive (forward-acting) Interference –Retroactive (backwards-acting) Interference

41. Interference and Forgetting

42. Without interfering events, recall is better After sleep After remaining awake 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Hours elapsed after learning syllables 90% 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Percentage of syllables recalled

43. Amnesia Retrograde Amnesia –Loss of past memory Anterograde Amnesia –Can’t form new memories Anterograde Amnesia

44. Demonstration Take out paper and pen…

45. How many of you remembered… Flame Smoke Fire??? Bed Snore Sleep???

46. Flashbulb Memories: Where were you when… Brown & Kulik –JFK assassination Neisser & Harsch –Challenger explosion study

47. Are traumatic memories accurate? Generally accepted theory: –Central facts remembered more accurately –Peripheral details inaccurate and often fabricated in later stories

48. Eyewitness Testimony Method: Show video of car accident 2 conditions: “hit” vs. “smash” Results: Broken glass? No, but one week later: “smashed” = 33% yes “hit” = 14% yes

49. False Memories Loftus –Imagination inflation –Mall study Leo –Suspects found to make false confessions during police interrogations

50. Attention and Memory Attention: internal processes used to focus our awareness on a subset of perceptual information Attention affects what we remember

51. Cocktail Party Phenomenon

52. Studied in labs using the dichotic listening technique –Two different messages presented, one in each ear –Participants later asked to recall information, or sometimes have to “shadow” the words presented to one ear

54. “Much of intelligent behavior depends on successfully managing your attention. For example, while driving a car, you might devote most of your attention to the conversation, but if the traffic gets bad or if you have to look for a particular street, you might shift you attention more to the driving…” CHAIR LEOPARD SNOW TISSUE COFFEE GRASS CHURCH CHAIR LEOPARD

55. Selective Attention: Recognition Test Circle the words that you think were on the list that was presented to your unattended ear. tigertreesnow iglooleopardcoffee churchwinecarrot grasschairmail booktemplenovel tissue

56. Biology of Memory Karl Lashley (1950) –trained rats to solve maze, then cut out pieces of their cortex and retested their memory of maze –partial memory retained

57. Biology of Memory Lashley found beer to have same effects as cortex removal on rat maze performance

58. Biology of Memory Hippocampus –Involved in explicit memory Cerebellum –Involved with implicit memory –Skills, conditioning, procedural memory

59. Improve Your Memory Study repeatedly to boost recall Spend more time rehearsing or actively thinking about the material Make material personally meaningful Use mnemonic devices –associate with peg words--something already stored –chunk information into acronyms Study in spaced intervals

60. Improve Your Memory Activate retrieval cues--mentally recreate situation and mood Minimize interference Test your own knowledge –to rehearse it –to determine what you do not yet know