1. Principles of Animal Physiology
BIOL 3151:
Principles of Animal Physiology
Dr. Tyler Evans
Phone:
Office Hours: M 9-12
or appointment or stop by anytime
Office: South Science 350
Website:

2. TODAY’S SCHEDULE
Course Description
Unifying themes in physiology

3. LEARNING OUTCOMES (What I hope you will gain from this course)
• make connections between concepts within Principles of Animal Physiology, across all science disciplines (e.g. zoology, ecology, chemistry, physics), and the physiological concepts as they apply to everyday life
• engage in forming scientific inquiry and developing explanations/arguments from scientific evidence
Other learning objectives are listed in the course syllabus

4. LECTURES lectures will be presented using Powerpoint.
each lecture will be posted on Blackboard prior to class (almost always the evening before).
it is important to realize that my Powerpoint slides do not represent all material required for the exams.
important information that will be covered in exams will be added to each lecture.
thus attending class and taking thorough notes is the key to success.

5. COURSE MATERIALS
all required material will be available through Blackboard
no required textbook
the primary source of information for this course will be the lectures

6. Principles of Animal Physiology
BIOL 3151: Principles of Animal Physiology
TEXTBOOK
Principles of Animal Physiology
(2nd edition)
by Christopher D. Myers and Patricia M. Schulte.
NOT REQUIRED
copy on reserve in library should you need to reference it

7. LABS LAB LEARNING OUTCOMES
you will be performing laboratory exercises designed to help you understand certain fundamental physiological principles.
lab materials will be posted on Blackboard each week
LAB LEARNING OUTCOMES
provide students with an opportunity to directly observe and discuss the principles discussed in lecture
provide students with hands-on experience in collecting physiological data
expose students to the scientific method, hypothesis testing and deductive reasoning
interpreting experimental data and integrating information from lecture, labs and the scientific literature
develop scientific communication skills, both written and oral
stimulate your scientific curiosity

8. LABS (There are labs today!)
ATTENDANCE
your attendance in lab each week is mandatory. In order to get credit for a missed lab, you must:
1. provide written documentation (proof) for your absence.
CSUEB is very strict regarding what is considered a valid reason for absence (illness, death in the family)
2. notify the instructor before your lab session
3. arrange to make up the lab at a later date
any unexcused absence from a lab will result in 0 credit for the missed lab.
you are required to stay for the entire lab session, or until excused by the instructor. You will check out with your lab instructor, showing you have met the lab learning objectives and that your computer and lab space have been returned to their original condition.

9. GRADING
Your final grade will be determined by three exams, labs, and problem sets:
exams will focus on lecture materials
Exam #1……………………...20 points (Oct 18)
Exam #2………………………20 points (Nov 13)
Final Exam…………………..25 points(Dec 10)
Lab……………………………..25 points
Problem Sets……………….10 points (see syllabus)
Lab Component…...……..25 points (see syllabus)
Lab Reports/Assignments...20 points
Participation………………..…..5 points

10. (in accordance with CSUEB guidelines)
COURSE POLICIES
(in accordance with CSUEB guidelines)
Academic Dishonesty
please review CSUEB’s policies and understand what is considered academic dishonesty:
Missed Exams
make every effort to avoid missing scheduled exams. In case of an emergency or legitimate conflict, you may be eligible to take a specially scheduled make-up exam. However, you must provide verifiable, written documentation for your absence. Any unexcused absence from an exam will result in a score of 0 for that exam.
Special Academic Accommodations:
if you have a documented disability, accommodations can be arranged for exams and other activities. For more information please visit:
Courtesy:
Please turn off all audible sounds to any electronic devices (phones, PDAs, etc.) while in lecture and refrain from using your laptops for activities not related to lecture during class time
Use of these items is strictly prohibited during all exams, unless special accommodations have been arranged.

11. KEYS TO SUCCESS IN BIOL 3151 Attend lectures
Prepare and take thorough notes
Study those notes
Ask questions!

12. WAIT LIST
demand is currently much higher than the number of students we can safely admit (there are currently 18 students on the wait list)
we have done everything we can to allow as many students to take this course as possible
offer this course every quarter
opened an extra lab section this quarter
space for students in the lab is what limits enrollment
if space opens up, students are admitted based on position on wait-list
If you are on wait-list, you can attend lectures until next Wed. If at this point you are still not able to enroll, you will not be able to take the course this quarter because you will have missed two labs.
enrollment questions: speak with office manager in Biology Office (N Sci 429)

13. PREREQUISITES
Prerequisites for this course are:
BIOL 1401
BIOL 1402
BIOL 1403
CHEM 1101
CHEM 1102
CHEM 1103
If you do not have these courses, you cannot take this class

14. QUESTIONS?

15. INTRODUCTION AND UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
TODAY’S LECTUTRE
INTRODUCTION AND UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
What is animal physiology?
study of “how animals work”
-Knut Schmidt Nielsen
study of the structure and function of various parts of an animal and how these parts work together to allow animals to perform normal behaviors and respond to the environment
Knut Schmidt Nielsen
textbook pg 4

16. UNITY IN DIVERSITY
there are more than a MILLION different species of animals that live on Earth
animals display a large diversity of adaptations to deal with the challenges posed by a specific environment

17. Diversity of Environments = Diversity of Animals
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
Diversity of Environments = Diversity of Animals
Temperature: -40 – 300oC
Oxygen: Anoxia (no oxygen) to supersaturated
Pressure: < 1atm (sea level) to ~ 1200atm (deep ocean)
Salinity: Freshwater up to many-fold more concentrated than seawater

18. UNITY IN DIVERSITY
despite this great diversity, there are many commonalities within physiology and unifying themes that apply to all physiological processes
this “Unity in Diversity” is the result of:
organisms are faced with a common set of challenges
organisms have to follow the same set of “rules”

19. UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
Physiological processes obey physical and chemical laws
Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal conditions within acceptable ranges
The physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype, which arises as the product of the genetic make-up (genotype) and its interaction with its environment.
The genotype is a product of evolutionary change in a population of organisms over many generations
textbook pg 10

20. UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
1. Physiological processes obey physical and chemical laws
animals are constructed from natural materials and therefore must obey the same chemical and physical laws that apply to everything around us
e.g. living systems follow the laws of thermodynamics
textbook pg 10

21. UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
1. Physiological processes obey physical and chemical laws
electrical laws are involved in many physiological processes
just like we use electricity to power many machines, animals use to power cells
Nerve cell
Muscle fiber
Muscles and nerve cells use electrical signals to cause muscle contraction
textbook pg 11

22. UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
1. Physiological processes obey physical and chemical laws
differences in body size have a profound effect on physiology
heat is produced by tissue metabolism
a larger animal has more difficulty shedding metabolic heat than does a small animal
A mouse will lose heat much more quickly than an elephant, which has important consequences for thermal biology
textbook pg 11

23. UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
2. Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal conditions within acceptable ranges
most organisms are faced with environmental variation, which in turn influences physiological processes
multicellular animals can be classified according to the strategies they use to cope with changing conditions:
CONFORMERS: allow internal conditions to change with variation in external conditions
REGULATORS: maintain relatively constant internal conditions regardless of conditions in the external environment
textbook pg 12

24. UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
2. Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal conditions within acceptable ranges
CONFORMERS
e.g. seasonal rainbow trout body temperatures
SUMMER:
High body temperature
WINTER:
Low body temperature

25. UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
2. Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal conditions within acceptable ranges
REGULATORS
e.g. human body temperatures
your body temperature is likely to be 37°C whether you are sunning yourself on the beach or outside on a cold day
your body has mechanisms to maintain its internal temperature (within limits)

26. UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
2. Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal conditions within acceptable ranges
CONFORMERS
REGULATORS

27. UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
2. Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal conditions within acceptable ranges
HOMEOSTASIS
Refers to coordinated physiological processes that collectively work to maintain internal conditions in the face of environmental change
A common way to maintain homeostasis is through the use of FEEDBACK LOOPS
Feedback loops can be POSITIVE or NEGATIVE
textbook pg 13

28. UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
2. Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal conditions within acceptable ranges
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP
response sends a signal back to the stimulus to reduce intensity of stimulus
During early digestion, in coming food causes the stomach to swell and this change in volume triggers a negative feedback loop that reduces hunger
textbook pg 13

29. UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
2. Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal conditions within acceptable ranges
POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP
Maximize changes in the regulated response, rather than reducing the response
When a toxin is detected in the stomach, a positive feedback loop is triggered to induce forceful contractions that induce vomiting
textbook pg 13

30. UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
3. The physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype, which arises as the product of the genetic make-up (genotype) and its interaction with its environment.
Phenotype is a product of genotype and its interaction with the environment
GENOTYPE: genetic makeup
PHENOTYPE: morphology, biochemistry, physiology, and behavior
PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY: single genotype generates more than one phenotype depending on environmental conditions
textbook pg 13

31. UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
3. The physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype, which arises as the product of the genetic make-up (genotype) and its interaction with its environment.
phenotypic plasticity is an important mechanism to regulate physiology to function under certain conditions
for example if identical twins were raised in different environments, one twin might grow larger than the other due to differences in diet
textbook pg 14

32. UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
3. The physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype, which arises as the product of the genetic make-up (genotype) and its interaction with its environment.

33. UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
3. The physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype, which arises as the product of the genetic make-up (genotype) and its interaction with its environment.
Phenotypic plasticity occurs as when animals remodel their physiological machinery in response to external conditions
textbook pg 14

34. UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
4. The genotype is a product of evolutionary change in a population of organisms over many generations
Evolutionary Changes (i.e. Adaptation)
Physiological change occurring by the process of natural selection (i.e. evolution)
occurs over the course of many generations rather than within the lifetime of an organism
e.g. pesticide resistance in mosquitos
textbook pg 15

35. UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
UNITY IN DIVERSITY
UNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY
4. The genotype is a product of evolutionary change in a population of organisms over many generations .
Adaptation e.g. pesticide resistance in mosquitos
pesticides target the enzymes acetylcholinesterase
some mosquito have a mutation in the acetylcholinesterase gene that makes in resistant to pesticide
because pesticide resistant mosquitos survive better, their numbers expand over time
textbook pg 15

36. LECTURE SUMMARY
Concept of UNITY IN DIVERSITY: despite this great diversity, there are many commonalities within physiology and unifying themes that apply to all physiological processes
Four unifying themes in physiology:
Physiological processes obey physical and chemical laws
e.g. Muscles and neurons obey laws governing electricity
Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal conditions within acceptable ranges
conformers vs. regulators
negative and Positive Feedback Loops
homeostasis
The physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype, which arises as the product of the genetic make-up (genotype) and its interaction with its environment.
phenotypic plasticity
The genotype is a product of evolutionary change in a population of organisms over many generations
adaptation

37. LECTURE 1: UNITY IN DIVERSITY
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
What are the four unifying themes of physiology? Provide an example that explains each.
What is the difference between a ‘conformer’ and a ‘regulator’? Provide an example of each and illustrate the differences using a graph
What is homeostasis? How is homeostasis maintained through positive and negative feedback loops?
What is phenotypic plasticity? Provide an example.

38. NEXT LECTURE
Basic Principles of Chemistry and Biochemistry in Physiology (Chapter 2)