1. Chapter 23 Solid and Hazardous Waste

2. Question of the day:
From when you woke up till APES class, make a list of all the things you have thrown away?
Do you think about the packaging of a product before you buy it? (How about those Starbucks/Wawa cups?)
How often do you reuse objects, recycle objects?

3. Question of the day
List the top five materials that you think get thrown away into landfills.
At your house, what would be your top five materials thrown away.

4. Overview of Chapter 23 Solid Waste Waste Prevention Hazardous Waste
Types of Solid Waste
Waste Prevention
Reducing the Amount of Waste
Reusing Products
Recycling Materials
Hazardous Waste
Types of Hazardous Waste
Management of Hazardous Waste
Environmental Justice

5. Activity
In small groups, you are going to research an assigned recycling topic.
Write down some facts and information on easel paper. Present to class your topic.
Read selected article.
Summarize article in one paragraph. Be able to teach someone else about your article. Include some facts and figures.

6. Solid Waste
US generates more solid waste per capita than any other country
1.98 kg per person per day
Types of Solid Waste
Municipal solid waste
Solid material discarded by homes, office buildings, retail stores, schools, hospitals, prisons, etc
Relatively small portion of solid waste produced
Non-municipal solid waste
Solid waste generated by industry, agriculture, and mining

7. Zero waste family

8. Composition of Municipal Solid Waste

9. Disposal of Solid Waste
Three methods
Sanitary Landfills
Incineration
Recycling

10. Sanitary Landfill
Compacting and burying waste under a shallow layer of soil
Most common method of disposal

11. Chester County Solid Waste Authority

12. Sanitary Landfill Problems Methane gas production by microorganisms
Contamination of surface water & ground water by leachate
Not a long-term remedy
Few new facilities being opened
Closing a full landfill is very expensive

13. Sanitary Landfill Special Problem of Plastic Special Problem of Tires
Much of plastic is from packaging
Chemically stable and do not readily break down and decompose
Special Problem of Tires
Cannot be melted and reused for tires
Made from materials that cannot be recycled
Can be incinerated or shredded

14. Tires
Household Hazardous Waste Days
Chester County, PA
Delaware County, PA

15. The Plastic problem Pacific Ocean Garbage Issue
DVD-Clip from Wired Science

16. Question of the day: Why is plastic debris a problem in our oceans?
What is the name of the “garbage patch” in the Pacific Ocean?
How could you help reduce this plastic burden?

17. Incineration Volume of solid waste reduced by 90%
Produces heat that can make steam to generate electricity
Produce less carbon emissions than fossil fuel power plants (right)

18. Incineration Types of Incinerators Mass burn (below) Modular
Refuse-derived

19. Incinerator Problems Associated with Incineration Yields air pollution
Produce large amounts of ash
Site selection often controversial

20. Chester, PA “Trash to Steam” Plant

21. Composting Includes: Reduces yard waste in landfills
Food scraps
Sewage sludge
Agricultural manure
Yard waste
Reduces yard waste in landfills
Can be sold or distributed to community

22. Dive!
Interesting concept

23. How to yard compost?

24. Waste Prevention Three Goals (1) Reduce the amount of waste
(2) Reuse products
(3) Recycle materials

25. Reducing Waste
Purchase products with less packaging

26. Reducing Waste Source reduction Pollution Prevention Act (1990)
Products are designed and manufactured in ways that decrease the volume of solid waste in the waste stream
Pollution Prevention Act (1990)
Dematerialization
Progressive decrease in the size and weight of a product as a result of technological improvements

27. Reusing Products Refilling glass beverage bottles
Heavier glass that costs more
Japan recycles almost all bottles
Reused 20 times

28. Recycling Materials Every ton of recycled paper saves: Recycle
17 trees
7000 gallons of water
4100 kwatt-hrs of energy
3 cubic yards of landfill space
Recycle
Glass bottles, newspapers, steel cans, plastic bottles, cardboard, office paper

29. Recycling Recycling Paper Recycling Glass US recycles 50%
Many developed countries are higher
Recycling Glass
US recycles 25%
Costs less than new glass
Can be used to make glassphalt (right)

30. Recycling Recycling Aluminum
Making new can from recycled one costs far less than making a brand new one

31. Recycling Recycling Metals other than Aluminum Recycling Plastic
Lead, gold, iron, steel, silver and zinc
Metallic composition is often unknown
Makes recycling difficult
Recycling Plastic
Less than 20% is recycled
Less expensive to make from raw materials

32. Recycling Recycling Tires Few products are made from old tires
Playground equipment
Trashcans
Garden hose
Carpet
Roofing materials
36% of tires are currently recycled to make other products

33. Upcycle- Today’s Project-. Create! Creativity!
Terracycle
Freecycle

34. Examples

35. Recycling research continued
Finish posters from previous week and share out

36. Single Stream recycling

37. Cell phone recycling
The AfterLife of Cell Phones
Terracycle- video and website

38. Integrated Waste Management

39. Question of the day: 1. What qualifies as hazardous waste?
2. Why do you think it needs separate disposal?
What is Superfund? (just guess)

40. Hazardous Waste
Any discarded chemical that threatens human health or the environment
Reactive, corrosive, explosive or toxic chemicals
Types of Hazardous Waste
Dioxins
PCBs
Radioactive waste

41. Management of Hazardous Waste
Chemical accidents
National Response Center notified
Typically involves oil, gasoline or other petroleum spill
Current Management Policies
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976, 1984)
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (1980)

42. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976, 1984)
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) gives EPA the authority to control hazardous waste from the "cradle-to-grave." This includes the generation, transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous waste. RCRA also set forth a framework for the management of non-hazardous solid wastes. The 1986 amendments to RCRA enabled EPA to address environmental problems that could result from underground tanks storing petroleum and other hazardous substances.
HSWA - the Federal Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments - are the 1984 amendments to RCRA that focused on waste minimization and phasing out land disposal of hazardous waste as well as corrective action for releases. Some of the other mandates of this law include increased enforcement authority for EPA, more stringent hazardous waste management standards, and a comprehensive underground storage tank program.

43. Management of Hazardous Waste
Cleaning up existing hazardous waste: superfund program
400,000 waste sites
Leaking chemical storage tanks and drums (right)
Pesticides dumps
Piles of mining wastes
Must be cleaned up

44. Love Canal First site of it’s kind. Sparked CERCLA. (aka Superfund)

45. Case-In-Point Hanford Nuclear Reservation

46. Management of Hazardous Waste
Superfund National Priorities List
2006: sites on the list
States with the greatest number of sites
New Jersey (115)
California (93)
Pennsylvania (93)
New York (86)
Michigan (65)

47. Superfund: What is it?
Superfund is the name given to the environmental program established to address abandoned hazardous waste sites. It is also the name of the fund established by the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, as amended (CERCLA statute, CERCLA overview). This law was enacted in the wake of the discovery of toxic waste dumps such as Love Canal and Times Beach in the 1970s. It allows the EPA to clean up such sites and to compel responsible parties to perform cleanups or reimburse the government for EPA-lead cleanups.

48. Management of Hazardous Waste
Biological Treatment of Hazardous Chemicals
Bioremediation
Phytoremediation
Management the Waste we are Producing Now
(1) source reduction
(2) conversion to less hazardous materials
(3) long-term storage

49. Management of Hazardous Waste
Hazardous Waste Landfill

50. Environmental Justice
Environmental Justice and Ethical Issues
Right of every citizen, regardless of age, race, gender, social class, to adequate protection from environmental hazards
Fundamental human right
Grassroots campaign
Mandating environmental Justice- Federal Level-Clinton 1994, 1997 case in LA, nuke facility(Ur processing plant)

51. Environmental Justice
International Waste Management
Developed countries sometimes send their waste to developing countries
Less expensive than following laws within the country
Controversial aspect of waste management
Basel Convention (1989)
Restricts international transport of hazardous waste