1. Phonetics is concerned with describing the speech sounds that occur in the languages of the world. We want to know what these sounds are, how they fall into patterns, and how they change in different circumstances… The first job of the phoneticians is … to try to find out what people are doing when they are talking and when they are listening to speech Peter Ladefoged, A Course in Phonetics, 1982, 2 nd Edition

2.  How sounds are strung together  Sounds of all languages of he world together constitute a limited set of sounds that the human vocal tract can produce.  We will study speech sounds, how they are produced, and how they may be characterized.

3.  Phonetics– the study of speech sounds  Know what an individual sound is, how each sound differs from all others. E.g. KEY POUT  E.g. How many sounds are there in the word cat? /c/,/a/,/t/. Yet it is heard as one continuous sound.  Spelling and sounds are not synonymous E.g. Not and Knot, how many sounds in both words? How about the word psycho?

4.  Although the sounds we produce and hear are continuous, speech is divisible into units.  I scream, you scream, we all scream for ice cream.  Grade A gray day; It’s hard to recognize speech It’s hard to wreck a nice beach; the sun’s rays meet The sons raise meet.  Not segmenting our words into individual sounds gives the illusion that foreign language speakers run their words together.

5.  Our knowledge of a language determines when we judge physically different sounds to be the same; we know which aspects or properties of the signal are linguistically important and which are not. E.g. How (cough) are you? Listener will ignore the cough.  Not linguistically significant– speaking slowly, quickly, “nasal twang”, personal styles of speaking, pitch or tempo differences.

6.  Making sounds that are not speech sounds in our language. E.g. English speakers can make clicking sounds tsk,tsk,tsk, although it is not part of the English sound system.  Yet click are speech sounds in Xhosa, Zulu, Sosotho, and Khoikhoi—languages spoken in South Africa.  /th/ is a speech sound in English but not in French.

7.  The way we use our linguistic knowledge to produce a meaningful utterance is complicated.  It is a chain of events that starts with an idea or message in the speaker’s brain or mind and ends with a similar message in the hearer’s brain.  The language faculty forms the message in words and transmits it by nerve signals to the organs of speech, which produce the physical sounds.  The study of the physical properties of the sounds themselves is acoustic phonetics. Auditory phonetics—the way listeners perceive the sound. Articulatory phonetics— how the vocal tract produces sounds of language.

8.  Autumn: A time For Reflection. Autumn… I wonder why the “N” is silent.  The sounds of words are not represented systematically in orthography.  Did he believe that Caesar could see the people seize the seas?  e, ei,ae,ee,eo,ei,ea. Do they represent the same sounds?

9.  The silly amoeba stole the key to the machine.  y,oe,ey, and I (same sounds as the previous sentence)  My father wanted many a village dame badly.  The letter a represents the several sounds.  Thus, each distinct sound must have a distinct symbol to represent it; and each symbol must represent one and only one distinct sound. Thus the birth of phonetic alphabet.

10.  Spelling of fish (ghoti). Gh (enough); O as in women and the ti like the sound in nation. (George Bernard Shaw)  Several letters may represent a single sound: ---To, too, two, through, threw, clue, shoe  A single letter may represent different sounds: --dame, dad, father, call, village, many

11.  A combination of letters may represent a single sound: -- shoot character Thomas physics Some letters have no sound at all in certain words: --mnemonic, autumn, resign, ghost