1. Physical & Quality Groundwater Monitoring Information for effective management Information for effective management Groundwater Management for Hygiene and Sanitation IWSD – Harare June 2011

2.  Millions of m 3 pumped every year: Monitored? Who? How?  100’s of thousands of users: Registered? Controlled?  10’s of thousands of wells/boreholes: Registered? Maintained? Info. about location, abstraction levels, water levels, water quality, formation, etc –  1000’s of sources of pollution: Location, nature & quantity of pollutants? aquifer vulnerability?  Many governing departments/institutions: Joint management ? Coordination / cooperation? GROUNDWATER STATUS QUO

3. MONITORING: WHO? Who requires/requests for monitoring? Who determines priorities and expected outcomes? Who pays? Who implements the monitoring? Who owns/ shares the data?

4. GROUNDWATER USE AND QUALITY MONITORING Principles of groundwater monitoring Monitoring cycle and tools Monitoring resource use and aquifer response Groundwater quality monitoring Effectiveness, cost and quality control Examples

5. WHAT IS MONITORING NOT? PROVIDING IRRELEVANT INFORMATION TO ILL DEFINED QUESTIONS

6. WHAT IS GROUNDWATER MONITORING WHAT IS GROUNDWATER MONITORING? Groundwater monitoring comprises the collection, analysis and storage of data on a regular basis to provide information for effective groundwater management to a variety of stakeholders. Monitoring makes groundwater visible, if…….

7. SYSTEMBASIC FUNCTIONWELL LOCATIONS Primary (Reference) evaluation of general groundwater behaviour, e.g.: trends(variation in land use) and processes (recharge) in areas with uniform hydrogeology and land use. Secondary (Early warning Protection ) protection against potential impacts to:  well-fields/springheads for public WS  urban infrastructure (land subsidence)  archaeological sites against rising WT  groundwater-dependent ecosystems around facilities/areas/ features requiring Protection. Tertiary ( Pollution impacts ) early warning of groundwater impacts from: diffuse sources (intensive agr. land use) point sources (industrial sites etc) immediately down + up-gradient from hazard Compliance (management ) Complying to requirements in a permit (abstraction rates, quality changes, water level decline) Around groundwater well fields GROUNDWATER MONITORING SYSTEMS BY FUNCTION

8. Object of protection Early warning Pollution source Impact monitoring Groundwater abstraction Compliance /management + early warning monitoring Impacts Risks Impacts Risks Trend monitoring PURPOSE AND FUNCTION OF MONITORING

9. Groundwater is invisible

10. Maputo 1984 Recharge estimations So = 40 mm Rainfall: 800-850 mm/year Recharge: 165-185 mm/year RECHARGE ESTIMATES MAPUTO

11. MONITORING: DIFFERENT PURPOSE <> SAME DATA

12. Groundwater is a hidden resource to which we have no direct access Contrary to surface water, changes in groundwater quality and quantity are slow processes which cannot be determined by snap shot monitoring Changes in groundwater quality are often irreversible WHY IS GROUNDWATER MONITORING IMPORTANT?

13. GROUNDWATER USE AND QUALITY MONITORING Principles of groundwater monitoring Monitoring cycle Monitoring resource use and aquifer response Groundwater quality monitoring Effectiveness, cost and quality control Examples

14. THE MONITORING CYCLE Management question and monitoring objectives Definition of information needs Collection of static and dynamic data Data storage, interpretation and dissemination Management information and actions Trends and changes Trends and changes Impacts and risks Impacts and risks Compliance Compliance Groundwater specific Groundwater specific Water use Water use Supporting data Supporting data Information > data > information

15. Type of data Static data (design phase, reference) Dynamic data (monitoring changes) Groundwater specific data - existing data on grw. levels - existing data on grw. quality - tests on existing wells - information from new wells - aquifers tests - monitoring observation wells (levels and quality) - monitoring existing wells - monitoring springs Water use - population registers - water use inventories - demographic changes - monitoring water use Supporting data - surface water / springs - climate data - land use data - geological data (existing wells) - surface water monitoring - rainfall /climate data - changes in land use WHAT DATA DO WE COLLECT?

16. Monitoring networks Network density (hydrogeological and hydro-chemical heterogeneity/complexity) Location observation points (existing used wells, abandoned wells, new observation wells, climate, surface water, water use) Monitoring parameters Measuring and sampling frequency (instruments, budget, monitoring program) Satellite images and airborne surveys Statistics Factors determining design Budget, Monitoring objectives HOW DO WE MONITOR ?

17. MONITORING POINTS Climate River water Wadi Flows Groundwater Water use

18. GROUNDWATER USE AND QUALITY MONITORING Principles of groundwater monitoring Monitoring cycle and tools Monitoring resource use and aquifer response Groundwater quality monitoring Effectiveness, cost and quality control Examples

19. AQUIFER REPONSE: WATER LEVELS Historic data Example: Water saving to reduce aquifer depletion Monitoring data Baseline data (reference)

20. MONITORING FOR RESOURCE USE & AQUIFER RESPONSE Monitoring of groundwater levels and groundwater use is needed to verify the predicted aquifer response for management scenarios. Important issues: knowledge of the reference situation: historic and baseline data groundwater flow is related to the groundwater levels water level response is related to the use But: There remains always a certain uncertainty

21. HYDROGRAPHS: NYAMANDLOVU SST AQUIFER

22. Direct monitoring - metering and regular inspection Indirect monitoring - energy consumption and average pumping rates - pumping hours and average pumping rate - population estimates and random tests (drinking water) - use of remote sensing information (irrigation water use) MONITORING GROUNDWATER USE

23. GROUNDWATER USE AND QUALITY MONITORING Principles of groundwater monitoring Monitoring cycle and Monitoring resource use and aquifer response Groundwater quality monitoring Effectiveness, cost and quality control Examples

24. MONITORING FOR GROUNDWATER QUALITY Sampling of production wells cheap but often unreliable/not representative useful to determine the reference situation Sampling of purpose- drilled monitoring wells: Reference monitoring for natural water quality /natural recharge Offensive monitoring of pollution sources Defensive monitoring for groundwater supplies Evaluation monitoring for sites of known aquifer contamination

25. MONITORING STRATEGIES Offensive monitoring Early detection of incipient aquifer contamination by known pollution sources Defensive monitoring Provide warning of pollution plumes threatening potable well fields or individual wells

26. WHERE TO LOCATE MONITORING POINTS ?

27. Physical parameters (indicators) - Electric conductivity /temperature - pH - DO Manuel and automatic recorders Water sampling and analysis parameters selected in the light of the quality objective and pollution hazard assessment: quality assurance and control MONITORING FOR GROUNDWATER QUALITY

28. GROUNDWATER USE AND QUALITY MONITORING Principles of groundwater monitoring Monitoring cycle and Monitoring resource use and aquifer response Groundwater quality monitoring Effectiveness, cost and quality control Examples

29. HOW ARE RESPONSIBILITIES SHARED ? Typical division of responsibilities National level: basic reference networks/ climate stations Regional level/RBA/AMOR: regulation control + protection Contractors: contractual obligation for well testing Large abstractors: monitoring requirements in permit Local water users: self monitoring / awareness Legal and regulatory basis required through water rights / water allocation plan /permitting system etc + Data collected by other agencies

30. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL Prevention (assurance) is better than cure (control) Starts with the observer: cross checks, keep your eyes open Guidelines: follow procedures (e.g. for sampling) Keep copy of field readings QA/AC on chemical analysis QC procedures for data entry in MIS QC control in data processing

31. HOW ENSURE THAT MONITORING IS COST EFFECTIVE? Monitoring by objectives Include cost-benefit analysis in project design Promote cost effectiveness and reliability by: Defining clear information needs Use of data already collected in other programs Use of existing wells (abstraction wells and abandoned wells) Use of indicators: water level/temperature /EC (divers) Promoting self monitoring and self regulation Effective QC and QA system Monitoring is considered expensive because the return on investment is generally not visible in the short run

32. GROUNDWATER USE AND QUALITY MONITORING Principles of groundwater monitoring Monitoring cycle and Monitoring resource use and aquifer response Groundwater quality monitoring Effectiveness, cost and quality control Examples

33. Groundwater fund used for: - Monitoring - Research - Training & manpower dev. Tariff 8.5 Bht Tariff 3.5 Bht BANGKOK: REGULATION AND GROUNDWATER FUND BANGKOK: REGULATION AND GROUNDWATER FUND - Regulatory and economic measures - Imposed based on monitoring information

34. CONCLUSION WHAT IS THE HEIGHT OF THAT TOWER IN METERS ? I HAVE MEASURED IT WITH TWO DIFFERENT MEASURING TAPES AND THE HEIGHT IS 26 +/- 2 METERS. Monitoring makes groundwater visible if it: addresses well-defined management information needs (demand driven), is cost-effectively implemented providing reliable information Thank you

35. Exercise: 3 Groups 1Monitoring a dune infiltration system to protect a drinking water well field against seawater intrusion 2Monitoring plan for an industrial site to prevent spreading of possible contaminants through the groundwater 3 Monitoring system for trend monitoring in a sedimentary shallow aquifer in river basin

36. Exercise: 3 Groups Define the monitoring objectives and basic design parameters What are the main benefits and who are the main beneficiaries of the monitoring Suggestions to make the monitoring plan cost effective How to assure sustainable financing? Who will implement the monitoring and how is the monitoring information handled to address the management objectives

37. HYDROCHEMISTRY: QA and QR !!! Field measurements (EC and pH) Sampling procedures Ion balance Extreme values (high and low) Use certified labs Contra expertise (5% of the samples)

38. GROUNDWATER SAMPLING