1. Grammar Review

2. Clause vs. Phrase
Clause: A group of related words with both a subject and a verb. May or may not be able to stand on its own.
Phrase: A group of related words without both a subject or a verb. Acts as a noun, verb, adverb, adjective, or preposition. Cannot stand on its own.

3. Clause Types Independent Clause: She is older than her brother.
Dependent Clause: Because she is older than her brother, she has to watch him sometimes.
A word called a “subordinating conjunction” introduces a dependent clause.

4. Phrase vs. Dependent Clause
Both phrases and dependent clauses cannot stand alone.
However, dependent clauses must have a subject and a verb, while phrases can only have one.
Also, dependent clauses start with subordinating conjunctions, while phrases do not.

5. Common subordinating conjunctions
after
if only
unless
although
in order that
until as
now that
when
as if
once
whenever
as long as
rather than
where
as though
since
whereas
because
so that
wherever
before
than
while
even if
that
even though
though if
till

6. Phrases that act like nous
Simple noun phrases
Noun + modifiers
(Can be a subject, object of a verb, or object of a preposition).
Examples: A very tired Thomas looked for his blue shirt. The substitute teacher taught all of the kindergarteners today.
Gerund phrases
Gerund (verb + -ing) + modifiers
Example: She began thinking about her life.
Infinitive phrases (sometimes)
Infinitive (to + verb) + modifiers
Example: He likes to play soccer.

7. Write three sentences. Use each kind of noun phrase and underline it.
Simple noun phrase
Gerund phrase
Infinitive phrase

8. Phrases that act like adjectives
Simple adjective phrases
Adjective + modifiers
Example: He was wearing his nice red shirt.
Participial phrases
Participle + modifiers
Example: The children, needing guidance, asked for help.
Prepositional phrases (sometimes)
Preposition + object of the preposition + modifiers
Example: The man on the roof tried not to fall.
Infinitive phrases (sometimes)
Infinitive (to + verb) + modifiers
Example: Her plan to win student council president was a good one.

9. Write 4 sentences, include each type of adjective phrase, and underline it.
Simple adjective phrases
Participial phrases
Prepositional phrases (sometimes)
Infinitive phrases (sometimes)

10. Phrases that act like adverbs
Prepositional phrases (sometimes)
Preposition + object of the preposition + modifiers
Example: The babysitter shouted in a loud voice.
Infinitive phrases (sometimes)
Infinitive (to + verb) + modifiers
Example: He yelled to warn everyone about the broken glass.

11. Write two sentences with adverb phrases, underline each
Prepositional phrase (sometimes)
Infinitive phrase (sometimes)

12. Phrases that act like verbs
Verb phrase
Verb (+helping verb, sometimes) + all modifiers
(It’s the predicate of the sentence.)
Examples: She has been studying for three hours. Thomas wrote an excellent essay.

13. Write one sentence with a verb phrase. Underline it.

14. Absolute Phrases Modify (give information about) the entire sentence.
Noun or pronoun + participle + modifiers
Resembles a clause, but its verb can’t stand alone (it is not a “finite” verb)
Examples: Her eyes on the clock, Lisa waited for her shift to end. He looked different, his face expressing worry.

15. Write one sentence with an absolute phrase. Underline it.

16. Sentence Types Simple: Subject + Verb (Independent Clause)
Compound: Two Independent Clauses joined by a Coordinating Conjunction
Complex: Independent Clause with one or more Dependent Clauses. Always has a Subordinating Conjunction or Relative Pronoun.
Compound-Complex: Two Independent Clauses and one or more Dependent Clauses.

17. Sentence Types
Simple: Some students prefer to do their homework in the morning.
Compound: Tina had to work tonight, but Alex took the night off.
Complex: When he finished his work, he forgot to put his name on it.
Compound-complex: The animal was scared, but it was also angry, since it had been cornered.

18. Break it down!
Some students prefer to do their homework in the morning.
This is an independent clause. It has a subject (students) and a verb (prefer), and it can stand alone.
It is made up of many phrases!
noun phrases (some students) (their homework)
verb phrase (prefer to do their homework in the morning)
infinitive phrase that acts like a noun because it is the object of a verb (to do their homework)
prepositional phrase (in the morning)

19. Simple sentence
Write your own simple sentence. Circle the subject and underline the verb.

20. Break it down! Tina had to work tonight, but Alex took the night off.
This sentence has two independent clauses. Each has a subject (Tina/Alex) and a verb (had/took).
It is made of many phrases!
Verb phrases (had to work tonight/took the night off)
Infinitive phrase acting as a noun because it is the object of the verb “had” (to work tonight)
Noun phrase because it is the object of the verb “took” (the night off)

21. Compound sentence Write your own compound sentence
Circle the subjects and underline the verbs

22. Break it down!
When he finished his work, he forgot to put his name on it.
This sentence has a dependent clause (subject: he. verb: handed. subordinating conjunction: when).
It also has an independent clause (subject: he. verb: forgot)
It is made up of phrases!
Verb phrases (finished his work/forgot to put his name on it)
Infinitive phrase acting as a noun because it is the object of the verb “forgot” (to put his name on it)
Prepositional phrase acting as an adverb because it answers the question “what” (on it)

23. Complex sentence Write your own complex sentence
Circle the subjects and underline the verbs

24. Break it down!
The animal was scared, but it was also angry, since it had been cornered.
This sentence has two independent clauses and one dependent clause. Subjects: animal/it/it. Verbs: was/was/had been.
It is made up of verb phrases: was scared/was also angry/had been cornered.

25. Compound-complex sentence
Write your own compound-complex sentence.
Circle the subjects and underline the verbs.