1. What are the causes and impacts of changing gender structures?
Changing gender structures in populations as countries pass through the demographic transition

2. Demographic features associated with natural change….
The biological fact that male births exceed female births (106 males : 100 females) so LEDC pyramids clearly show more younger males than females.
Unless you take China = 100 females:120 males
In most parts of the world male mortality rates are higher than female rates meaning longer female life expectancy so MEDC pyramids show more elderly females than males

3. Stage 2 - Uganda
Concave or very steep sides = high birth rate and high death rate with short life expectancy
More boys than girls
Adults have equal males and females as childhood diseases and IMR and lifestyle cause more boys to die
In ‘old age’ of 30s and 40s there may be more males as females die through childbirth and heavy female responsibility.
Sketch the pyramid
Annotate the pyramid with 3 gender related points

4. Stage 3 - China Sketch pyramid Annotate 3 gender related points
Population is larger as medicine has improved and the IMR has fallen
In adulthood the gender ratio tends to be equal
Out migration of males could create an imbalance with more females
In old age the females usually outnumber the males. Emancipation of women is just beginning and so they are unlikely to have faced ‘workplace’ stress. Men die off at an earlier age from workplace stress, being involved in more hazardous occupations and from lifestyle diseases,
Sketch pyramid
Annotate 3 gender related points

5. Stage 3 - Zimbabwe
The impact of war can be clearly seen on the year old age group.
What has happened to the males?

6. Stage 4 - UK Population begins to stabilise and then fall
More boy babies are born but the birth rate is low
Boys die at a faster rate because they are more prone to disease, become more involved in hazardous activities and make unhealthier lifestyle choices
In adulthood the gender ratio is balanced unless an out-migration of males occurs e.g. Poland
From the age of 73 onwards females outnumber males. The ratio increases from 1.3 at age 73 to nearly 3 at the age of 90.
This is due to the higher life expectancy of women and higher male mortality during WWII
Draw the pyramid
Annotate 3 gender related features

7. Stage 4 - Europe
What changes do you notice over time?

8. Stage 5 - Russia Sketch pyramid Annotate 3 gender related points
Population declining
Russia’s BR is similar to other European countries
DR higher due to higher death rate of working age males due to alcohol induced heart disease
There is a below average ratio of over 65 males – may be due to emigration and higher male mortality s a result of higher Soviet era deaths
Sketch pyramid
Annotate 3 gender related points

9. Stage 5 - Germany Low BR – more boys than girls
There are a lot less men then women in the range - many German men were killed in World War II.
There is a large percentage of the population from 30 to 50 – slightly more men than women. These are the immigrants from the Arab and African world that have come to work in Germany.
1. Sketch pyramid
2. Annotate 3 gender related points

10. Task 2 Card sort – Why does gender structure change?
Sort the cards into the following categories:
Biology
Stages of the DTM
Migration
Gender concentrations

11. Gender Structure
Gender structure is influenced by two demographic factors associated with natural change:
The biological fact that male births exceed female births – natural sex ratio is 106 males:100 females. An LEDC population pyramid is characterised by more younger males than females
Male mortality rates are higher than female rates – this means longer female life expectancy. An MEDC population pyramid is characterised by more elderly females than males

12. How does migration affect gender imbalance? Which sex tends to migrate?

13. What happens to gender structures as they pass through the DTM?

14. Task 3 Case Studies India – infanticide China – one child policy
IVF and designer babies