1. The U.S. Constitution

2. How was it formed?
The first national government was the Articles of Confederation.
First official U.S. “President” was John Hanson
Followed by
Elias Boudinot
Thomas Mifflin
Richard Henry Lee
John Hancock
Nathan Gorman
Arthur Saint Clair
Cyrus Griffin
Each President served a 1-year term and held little power

3. What was wrong with the AoC?
It created a loose alliance of Independent states.
Allowed for a one-house legislature
There were no executive or judicial branch
Only states could tax
Every state could coin money
No regulation of trade between states
Most power was held by states

4. From the AoC to the Constitution
Shays’ Rebellion showed the discontent with the AoC.
In 1787, Congress approved a convention to create a new document to replace the AoC.
Constitutional Convention was held in Philadelphia at the Pennsylvania State House, where the Declaration of Independence was signed.

5. Constitutional Convention
Began on May 25, 1787
George Washington unanimously voted presiding officer.
Rules that were set for the convention:
All discussion about the Constitution were to be kept quiet
All discussions were to be kept secret
All notes were to be left in the room
Doors and windows were to be kept shut during session
Note passing was NOT allowed

6. Constitutional Convention
Two Plans
Virginia Plan
James Madison’s plan
Strong government with 3 branches
Two house legislature
People would vote on house members
House members would vote on Senators
Seats in legislature would depend on state population
New Jersey Plan
Proposed by William Paterson
One house legislature
Each state would have equal representation

7. The Great Compromise Proposed by Roger Sherman
Included a bicameral house (two-house) legislature
Representatives in the house would be elected by citizens
Was approved by the delegates by a very small margin
Constitution is now known as the Supreme Law of the Land

8. What did this new document provide?
Popular Sovereignty (Rule by the people) – Idea that the authority of government is created and sustained by the consent of its people
Limited Government – Restricts government, by law, to intervene in the civil liberties (personal rights) you are given.
Federalism Divided powers between states and the federal government.
Separation of Powers – Divided gov’t powers between the legislative, judicial, and executive branch.
Checks & Balances – Gave each branch of gov’t a way to limit the power of the other branches.

9. A New Government
After many opposing views and compromises, a new document was created.
The convention drew to a close and the document was signed on September 17, 1787.
The delegates to the convention are also known as “the Framers” – because they had framed, shaped, and formed our form of government.
The document allowed for changes to be made as government grew.

10. Opposing Views During Ratification
*In order to go into effect, the Constitution had to be ratified by at least nine states.
The Federalists
Supported the Constitution.
Approved a strong, federal/national government
They argued that a strong federal gov’t could provide protection, maintain order, regulate trade, and guarantee the rights of citizens .
They also liked that it would make sure that the nation’s debts were paid and that American money remained stable both local and abroad.

11. Anti-Federalists Opposed the ratification of the Constitution.
Feared that a strong federal gov’t would endanger people’s liberties.
“Necessary & Proper” – This saying in the Constitution scared the Anti-Federalists because it gave Congress power to produce any law that it deemed was necessary for the public.
Did not like that a Bill of Rights was left out of the Constitution – They feared that the national government would not respect the rights of citizens.

12. Opposing View Points in Writing
The Anti-Federalists Papers
The Federalist Papers
A collection of essays developed and produced for the public to oppose the ratification of the U.S. Constitution.
Many were written under pen names.
Anti-Federalists:
Patrick Henry
Richard Henry Lee
A collection of essays written as a response to the Anti-Federalists papers.
Stated strengths of the Constitution and claimed that without a strong national gov’t, America would be at a greater risk for other countries overpowering them.
Federalist Paper Writers
James Madison
Alexander Hamilton
John Jay

13. Ratification
The Federalists agreed to propose a Bill of Rights that would be added to the Constitution.
This encouraged the anti-federalists to ratify the Constitution.
Ratified in June of 1788
By spring of 1790 all 13 states had ratified the Constitution. With Virginia passing it by 10 votes and New York passing it by 3 votes.

14. Why was the Constitution created to be altered and amended?
Government changes over time.
Changes to the Constitution would occur in the form of amendments.
Since the ratification, there have been 27 amendments made to the Constitution, including the first ten (The Bill of Rights).

15. How Was the Document Organized?
The Preamble to the Constitution states the goals of our government.
To Form a More Perfect Union = The Framers were seeking a strong government than what was established under the AoC. They wanted to unite the 13 states under an effective national government.

16. Preamble Goals Continued…
Establish Justice = Settling disputes between individuals, individual and gov’t, and between the national government and state governments.
Insure Domestic Tranquility = Our gov’t tries to establish a peaceful society were people are protected from unlawful acts of others.

17. Preamble Goals Continued…
Provide for the Common Defense = Gov’t seeks to protect citizens from the attacks of other countries.
Promote the General Welfare = Gov’t tries to create conditions that will benefit all American citizens.

18. Preamble Goals Continued…
Secure the Blessings of Liberty to Ourselves and our Posterity = Gov’t seeks to give people the freedom to choose where they work, live, what they believe, and who represents them in gov’t. However, our liberties should not intervene with the rights of others. Gov’t protects the liberties of all citizens, current and future American citizens.

19. How Was the Document Organized Cont’d…
Divided into Seven Articles
Article One – The Legislative Branch
Outlines powers and organization of Congress
Article Two – The Executive Branch
Gave powers to one individual, the President
Article Three – The Judicial Branch
- Framers set up a national court that neither Congress or the President controlled
Article Four – The States
States rights and respecting the laws of other states
Article Five – Amending the Constitution
Included instructions for making amendments
Article Six – The supremacy of the Constitution
Makes the Constitution the supreme law of the land
Article Seven – Ratification
Established the procedure for ratifying the Const.