1. Unit 3 Latin America

2. Chapter 8 I. The Physical Geography of Latin America A. The Land 1. The Americas and the Caribbean a. Divided into 3 areas 1. Middle America (Central) a. Seven countries

3. 2. Caribbean a. Also known as the West Indies 1. Bahamas 2. Greater Antilles 3. Lesser Antilles 3. South America a. Includes 13 countries

4. 2. Mountains, Plateaus and Hills a. Terrain is diverse 1. Rainforest and Andes dominate b. Mountains 1. Mexico a. 2 ranges 1. Sierra Madre Occidental 2. Sierra Madre Oriental

5. 2. South America a. Andes Mtns. 1. 4500 miles long 2. World’s longest mtn chain 3. 2 nd highest (20,000 ft)

6. Andes Mountains

7. b. Brazilian Highlands 1. drops sharply to the Atlantic a. Forms an escarpment 1. slope or cliff

8. c. Plateaus and Hills 1. flat highlands used for grazing 2. Patagonia a. Southern Argentina

9. 3. Plains Areas a. Along Gulf of Mexico b. Atlantic coastline of NE S. America c. Pacific coastline d. Includes: 1. llanos a. Large, fertile areas along the Caribbean coast 2. Pampas a. Grassy, treeless plains of Argentina and Uruguay

10. 4. Rivers, Lakes and Waterfalls a. Rivers 1. Amazon a. Longest river in W. Hemisphere b. Largest volume of water in the world

11. 2. Rio de la Plata a. Formed by Parana, Paraguay and Uruguay rivers b. 2 nd largest system in S. America

12. b. Lakes and Waterfalls 1. S. America does not have many large lakes 2. Angel Falls a. World’s highest waterfall 1. drops 3212 ft.

13. 5. Natural Resources a. Energy 1. oil and gas a. Mexico is 5 th largest oil producer 2. Waterfalls and rivers enable hydroelectric power. b. Minerals 1. Bauxite (aluminum), copper, tin and silver.

14. B. Climate and Vegetation 1. Climate Regions a. Most of L.A. in low latitudes 1. Between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn b. Tropical Climates 1. Tropical Rain Forest a. hot temp, lots of rain year round. b. Amazon Basin, Caribbean Islands, S. Mexico, E. South and Central America 2. Tropical Savanna a. hot and wet, but not all year. b. Most of Central America, parts of Columbia, Venezuela, Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay.

15. c. Humid Subtropical Climate 1. much of SE South America 2. winters short and mild 3. summers long and humid d. Desert climate 1. hot and dry most of the time 2. Atacama Desert a. One of driest places on earth

16. c. Steppe Climate 1. hot summers, cold winters, some rain. a. North Mexico, some highlands d. Highland Climate 1. along mtns and Andes. 2. arranged vertically by altitudes a. Tierra caliente 1. lowest altitude 2. means “hot country” b. Tierra templada 1. means “temperate country” c. Tierra fria 1. means “cold country”

17. 2. Vegetation a. Consists mostly of rain forests and grassland b. Tropical Rain Forests 1. mostly around Equator 2. Amazon Basin – largest a. 1/3 of South America b. Includes canopy that prevents sun from reaching forest floor. c. More kinds of trees and animals than any other place on earth.

18. c. Grasslands and Deserts 1. llanos and pampas a. Short clumps of grass b. Scattered trees 2. deserts a. Very few plants d. Vertical climate zones 1. vegetation is varied 2. coffee often grown

19. Rainforest Facts The Amazon Rainforest covers over a billion acres, encompassing areas in Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia and the Eastern Andean region of Ecuador and Peru. If Amazonia were a country, it would be the ninth largest in the world. The Amazon Rainforest covers over a billion acres, encompassing areas in Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia and the Eastern Andean region of Ecuador and Peru. If Amazonia were a country, it would be the ninth largest in the world. More than 20 percent of the world’s oxygen is produced in the Amazon Rainforest. More than 20 percent of the world’s oxygen is produced in the Amazon Rainforest. More than half of the world's estimated 10 million species of plants, animals and insects live in the tropical rainforests. More than half of the world's estimated 10 million species of plants, animals and insects live in the tropical rainforests. One-fifth of the world's fresh water is in the Amazon Basin. One-fifth of the world's fresh water is in the Amazon Basin. At least 3000 fruits are found in the rainforests; of these only 200 are now in use in the Western World. At least 3000 fruits are found in the rainforests; of these only 200 are now in use in the Western World. The U.S. National Cancer Institute has identified 3000 plants that are active against cancer cells. 70% of these plants are found in the rainforest. The U.S. National Cancer Institute has identified 3000 plants that are active against cancer cells. 70% of these plants are found in the rainforest.

22. II. The Cultural Geography of Latin America A. Population Patterns 1. Human Characteristics a. 500 million people live in Latin America 1. 9% of world’s pop. b. Ethnic Diversity 1. Native American a. Mayans b. Incas c. Aztecs

23. 2. Europeans arrived in 1400s 3. Africans arrived in 1500s a. Slaves 4. Asians arrived in 1800s a. servants

24. c. A Blending of Peoples 1. Mestizos a. Mixed Native American and European descent 2. Mulattoes a. Mixed African and European descent

25. d. Language 1. Countries adopted languages of people that colonized there. a. Brazil – Portuguese b. Haiti – French c. Jamaica - English 2. Spanish official language of most countries today 3. Dialects – forms of language peculiar to a particular place or region 4. Native American a. Spoken by millions b. modern day Spanish is mixed with Native American words

26. 2. Population Density and Distribution a. Multicultural b. Population Distribution 1. most of pop. Lives on 1/3 of land a. Along coasts 1. called “population rim” 2. 66% live in South America a. 331 million 3. Central America b. 132 million

27. Population Density of South America

32. c. Population Density 1. Mexico- most populated Spanish speaking country in world a. 132 people/square mile 2. Caribbean – countries are small a. High birth rate b. Land not suitable for farming 3. South America a. Density is quite low 4. people live where farming is suitable

33. d. Urbanization 1. one way migration a. Many move to cities for jobs b. Creates slums 1. lack of resources 2. The Cities a. Most Latin American nations are urbanized b. Cities that rank among top 15 largest in world 1. Mexico City, Mexico 2. Sao Paulo, Brazil 3. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 4. Buenos Aires, Argentina

34. 3. Push and pull factors  drawing people towards the cities a. push  poor medical care, poor education, low-paying jobs, few own land b. pull  higher-paying jobs, better schools, better medical care

35. B. History and Government 1. Native American Empires a. Originally came across Bering Strait b. 3 major empires: 1. Maya a. Central America/Southern Mexico – Yucatan Peninsula b. Pyramid shaped temples and courts c. Skilled in Math 1. used number system 2. concept of zero d. Created 365 day calendar

36. Extent of Mayan Culture Mayan culture extended from Southern Mexico into Central America

37. Chaac: the Rain God

38. d. The Aztec 1. built a permanent capital at Tenochtitlan (present day Mexico City) 2. grew crops on Chinampas – floating artificial islands 3. developed complex political system a. Headed by emperor 4. worshiped many gods

41. Tenochtitlan

45. e. The Inca 1. empire stretched along Andes 2. created central government a. Emporer 3. excellent farmers a. Cut terraces into slopes b. Built irrigation systems c. Domesticated alpacas and llamas 4. Built temples and fortresses 5. no written language 6. sent messages with quipu a. Rope with knotted cords of various lengths and colors.

47. 12 November 2009 ► Get your notes out and prepare for the quiz ► Pop goes the quiz

48. 2. European Empires a. Were looking for new trade routes b. Spain and Portugal were first to fight over lands in Americas. 1. line of Demarcation a. Pope drew imaginary line from N. Pole to S. Pole. 1. lands east – Portugal 2. lands west - Spain

50. c. Spanish Conquests 1. search for trade turned into search for riches. a. Spanish wanted to convert Natives to Christianity. 2. Conquistadors overpowered Aztecs and Inca empires.

51. 3. Spain established colonies a. set up mines b. Set up plantations 1. first enslaved Native Americans 2. then enslaved Africans 4. appointed viceroys a. Governed colonies

52. d. The Portuguese and Brazil 1. Built sugarcane plantations a. Called fazendas b. Used slaves e. Independence 1. people began to resent European rule. 2. Native Americans and Africans also wanted freedoms. 3. Revolutions in US and France. 4. Toussaint-Louveture a. Led movement in Haiti 5. Simon Bolivar a. Venezuela

53. 3. Dictatorships and Democracies a. Leaders wanted to build stable governments. b. Power was still in hands of wealthy c. Power of the strong 1. caudillos – “strong men” a. Promised to solve issues b. Ended up ruling as dictators d. Desire for change 1. industrialization brought change 2. gap btwn rich and poor spread unrest and called for reform.

57. III. Cultures and Lifestyles A. Religion 1. Spanish and Portuguese brought Roman Catholicism a. Roman Catholicism 1. colonial times a. Priests wanted to convert Natives b. Church leaders played important political roles. c. People questioned church’s power d. Not as influential today b. Growth of Protestantism 1. built hospitals, schools and colleges.

58. B. Health Care and Education 1. Health Care a. Latin Americans are living longer b. Malnutrition is still an issue. 2. Educational Opportunities a. Literacy rate is low b. Must pass special exams to go to college.

59. C. The Arts and Literature 1. Traditional Arts and Literature a. Native Americans produced earliest art. 1. mosaics

60. D. Life and Leisure 1. Way of Life a. Strong sense of family 1. extended families are very important 2. Leisure Time and Celebrations a. Futbol – soccer b. Jai alai – fast paced hand ball c. Musical events d. Independence days and holidays

61. Latin America Today I. Living in Latin America A. Agriculture 1. basis of most LA economies 2. most of LA’s exports come from land. a. Items sent to other countries for sale or trade.

62. 3. Cash Crops and Livestock a. Coffee 1. world’s leading producer b. Bananas c. Sugarcane d. Livestock 1. leading cattle producers a. Argentina, Mexico and Brazil

63. 4. Latifundia and Minifundia a. Only 1/3 of LA people are campesinos 1. live and work in rural areas b. Farms are divided into 2 types 1. latifundia a. Large family owned estates 2. minifundia a. Small farms that produce food chiefly for family use and local markets. c. Poor generally grow staple crops

64. B. Industry 1. need for service industries are growing 2. Industrial progress a. Nations are growing economically 1. factories 2. production 3. attracting foreign investors

65. II. People and their Environment A. The Amazon River Basin 1. covers 2.7 million square miles a. Size of the US east of Rocky Mtns. 2. contains world’s largest tropical rain forest

66. Amazon Rain Forest piranha anaconda

67. 3. Deforestation a. Cutting down and clearing of trees in the rain forest 1. 10% of rain forest is gone b. Contributing factors 1. construction of Tran-Amazonian Highway 2. farming a. Slash and burn farming 1. cut plants and strip bark from trees 2. set fire to forest. 3. releases nutrients to soil temporarily. Clearing for farming Slash and burning

69. 3. Commercial cattle ranches a. Grazing b. Grasses grow for first few years and then weeds take over. 4. Lumber a. Increasing demand b. Could be ratified with reforestation.

70. 4. Major Concerns a. Oxygen concerns 1. not likely b. World’s heat balance 1. dangerous warming effect c. World’s water cycle 1. affects rain fall in certain areas d. Plant and animal extinction 1. important for medicinal and commercial reasons.

74. 5. Solutions? a. Government regulations b. Nature reserves c. Strict enforcement d. ecotourism