1. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Special Investigations Chapter 16

2. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Overview Domestic Abuse Domestic Abuse Organized Crime Organized Crime Hate Crimes Hate Crimes Arson Arson Review Questions Review Questions Opportunity for Student Questions Opportunity for Student Questions

3. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Learning Objectives Define the major types of domestic abuse Define the major types of domestic abuse Explain the four types of child abuse that may be brought to the attention of the criminal investigator Explain the four types of child abuse that may be brought to the attention of the criminal investigator List the characteristics that are common to the child abuse offender List the characteristics that are common to the child abuse offender Describe the or origin, method of operation, and current status of La Cosa Nostra Describe the or origin, method of operation, and current status of La Cosa Nostra Discuss how organized crime converts illegal funds into legitimate operations Discuss how organized crime converts illegal funds into legitimate operations Discuss the investigative methodology that can be used to combat organized crime Discuss the investigative methodology that can be used to combat organized crime Define hate crime Define hate crime Describe the seriousness of the current status of arson Describe the seriousness of the current status of arson Define the five classifications of a fire Define the five classifications of a fire Describe the four common motivations behind the incendiary fire Describe the four common motivations behind the incendiary fire Discuss the investigative methodology used in arson cases Discuss the investigative methodology used in arson cases

4. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Domestic Abuse Domestic abuse means a form of conflict between: Domestic abuse means a form of conflict between: –Married persons –Children and parents Family violence accounts for 8% of all reported violent crime in the U.S. Family violence accounts for 8% of all reported violent crime in the U.S. The average arrested suspect is a white male 25 to 29 years of age The average arrested suspect is a white male 25 to 29 years of age Females arrested for family violence constitute 16% of all family violence arrests and their rate of apprehension has increased dramatically (130% over 9 years) Females arrested for family violence constitute 16% of all family violence arrests and their rate of apprehension has increased dramatically (130% over 9 years)

5. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Domestic Abuse–The Police Response Domestic calls have statistically ranked high as a situation resulting in police injury and death Domestic calls have statistically ranked high as a situation resulting in police injury and death Domestic abuse that may have gone unreported for years eventually will be forwarded to the police Domestic abuse that may have gone unreported for years eventually will be forwarded to the police –The patrol division responds –An attempt to resolve the conflict is initiated by the patrol officers Immediate restoration of the peace Immediate restoration of the peace Addressing underlying causes (requires specialized training) to improve long-term solutions Addressing underlying causes (requires specialized training) to improve long-term solutions

6. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Who is Abused? Spouse abuse refers to a battery committed by one married partner on the other Spouse abuse refers to a battery committed by one married partner on the other The Center for Disease Control and Prevention estimates: The Center for Disease Control and Prevention estimates: –1.5 million U.S. women are battered by their husbands –835,000 U.S. men are battered by the wives 2,000 to 4,000 women annually are beaten to death by their husbands, former husbands, or live-in boyfriends 2,000 to 4,000 women annually are beaten to death by their husbands, former husbands, or live-in boyfriends 15% of all U.S homicides are domestic related 15% of all U.S homicides are domestic related

7. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Battered Women Battered women appear to have certain common traits Battered women appear to have certain common traits –Submissive –Trusting –More reserved than the general adult female population –Tend to assume the guilt for the battery –General loss of self-esteem

8. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 The Five Stages of Abuse 1. Emotional abuse–the primary motivation is to control the life of the victim Repeatedly undermining the victims’ self-confidence with degrading remarks Repeatedly undermining the victims’ self-confidence with degrading remarks 2. Isolate the victim Controlling where they go, what they do, or whom they associate with Controlling where they go, what they do, or whom they associate with 3. Threats–directed against the spouse or children 4. Destroying belongings 5. The physical stage Initially engages in shaking or pushing Initially engages in shaking or pushing Escalating to episodes of extreme physical assault Escalating to episodes of extreme physical assault

9. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Risk Factors of Domestic Homicide A history of prior incidents of domestic violence A history of prior incidents of domestic violence A gun is owned by the perpetrator A gun is owned by the perpetrator Estrangement where the woman left the relationship Estrangement where the woman left the relationship Forced sex Forced sex The in-home presence of a child belonging to the woman from a previous relationship The in-home presence of a child belonging to the woman from a previous relationship

10. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Stalking Stalking is defined as an intentional course of conduct directed at a specific person which: Stalking is defined as an intentional course of conduct directed at a specific person which: –Alarms –Annoys –Intimidates –Or harasses the targeted individual Stalking may take various forms Stalking may take various forms –Phone calls –Letters –Emails –Violent personal confrontations –Uninvited presence at one’s home, work, or anywhere unexpectedly

11. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Stalking Statistics 8% of women and 2% of men have been stalked at some time in their life 8% of women and 2% of men have been stalked at some time in their life 78% of stalking victims are women 78% of stalking victims are women 87% of the stalking perpetrators are male 87% of the stalking perpetrators are male Most stalking cases involve victims and perpetrators who know each other Most stalking cases involve victims and perpetrators who know each other 23% of all female victims and 35% of all male victims are stalked by strangers 23% of all female victims and 35% of all male victims are stalked by strangers

12. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Stalking Offender Groups Simple obsessive Simple obsessive –48% of all stalkers are of this group –Most are males who were in a prior relationship with the victim –Suspects are socially immature –Most likely to make threats (97%) and harm victims (30%) Love obsessional Love obsessional –43% belong to this group –97% are male –No prior relationships with victims –Suspects are generally between 30 and 40 years of age –25% make threats and 3% harm victims

13. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Stalking Offender Groups (continued) Erotomanic Erotomanic –10% belong to this group –Suspects develop a strong delusional belief that they are loved by the victim –Offenders are generally female –Least dangerous stalker

14. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Investigating Stalking A threat assessment must be made to evaluate the suspect’s potential for violence A threat assessment must be made to evaluate the suspect’s potential for violence –Overall behavior is examined with particular attention placed upon the nature of any threats –Access to weapons (if known) –History of violations of protection orders –Substance abuse or mental illness –Prior physical violence

15. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Investigating Stalking (continued) Conduct a detailed victim interview Conduct a detailed victim interview Locate and interview any witnesses Locate and interview any witnesses Obtain any letters or emails from the victim Obtain any letters or emails from the victim If suspect is unknown, get information such as: If suspect is unknown, get information such as: –Description of the suspect (physical description, voice, accent, background noise heard on the phone, etc.) –Have the victim start phone logs and get the phone company to start tracking phone records –Ask Internet Service Provider (ISP) for assistance to trace email source Encourage the victim to obtain a protection order Encourage the victim to obtain a protection order –Domestic Abuse Protection Order –Harassment Protection Order

16. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Child Abuse Any act or omission that endangers or impairs a child’s physical or emotional health and development Any act or omission that endangers or impairs a child’s physical or emotional health and development The types of child abuse include: The types of child abuse include: –Physical assault –Emotional abuse –Neglect –Sexual exploitation

17. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 The Four Categories of Child Abuse

18. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Child Abuse Investigations In most states, child abuse investigations are handled jointly by law enforcement officials and local child protective services workers In most states, child abuse investigations are handled jointly by law enforcement officials and local child protective services workers Careful interviews must be conducted so as not to “lead” the child towards answers Careful interviews must be conducted so as not to “lead” the child towards answers Limit the interview time to the child’s ability to concentrate (most should be less than 40 minutes) Limit the interview time to the child’s ability to concentrate (most should be less than 40 minutes) Take the child to a medical facility Take the child to a medical facility –Obtain treatment for injuries –Get a doctor’s opinion regarding source of injury (compare to caregiver’s version) –Obtain photographic documentation of all injuries Determine if removal from the home is warranted ̶ ask this question, “Is the child in immediate danger?” Determine if removal from the home is warranted ̶ ask this question, “Is the child in immediate danger?”

19. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Physical Abuse Indicators Injuries on several surface areas of the body Injuries on several surface areas of the body Evidence of previous injuries Evidence of previous injuries Wrap-around injuries Wrap-around injuries Bruises of odd size or that show the imprint of the striking object Bruises of odd size or that show the imprint of the striking object Injuries under the clothing Injuries under the clothing Burn injuries (dip burns, cigarette burns on the arms) Burn injuries (dip burns, cigarette burns on the arms) Extreme fear of adults Extreme fear of adults Parents who cannot explain a child’s injury, or who offer explanations that are unlikely Parents who cannot explain a child’s injury, or who offer explanations that are unlikely Parents who continually blame injuries on siblings or friends, or who claim the child is “accident prone” Parents who continually blame injuries on siblings or friends, or who claim the child is “accident prone”

20. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Neglect Indicators Neglect can be difficult to prove Photography is a useful tool for law enforcement; a picture is worth a thousand words… Pictures of the refrigerator with no formula (baby) or food Deplorable living conditions (including evidence of drug use) Bedrooms with no bedding Picture of the child showing emaciation, improper clothing, or other signs of neglect Obtain statements from the complainant The neighbor who reported the children looking for food in the garbage or begging for food at the door The parents who report that a child has been left with them for days with no phone call

21. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organized Crime Pertains to any group of suspects who have formed a highly organized, disciplined association engaged in criminal activities Pertains to any group of suspects who have formed a highly organized, disciplined association engaged in criminal activities Requires a continuous commitment by its members Requires a continuous commitment by its members Distinguished by elaborate planning Distinguished by elaborate planning

22. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organized Crime Members are Professional There is a lack of impulsiveness in committing crimes by this group–good discipline There is a lack of impulsiveness in committing crimes by this group–good discipline The fundamental goal is economic gain The fundamental goal is economic gain Violence and intimidation, inspired by corruption and greed, are common working tools Violence and intimidation, inspired by corruption and greed, are common working tools

23. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Organized Crime Hierarchy

24. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 The Chain of Command

25. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Hate Crimes Also known as bias crimes Also known as bias crimes A hate crime is a criminal offense committed against a person that is motivated, in whole or in part, by a bias against: A hate crime is a criminal offense committed against a person that is motivated, in whole or in part, by a bias against: –Race –Religion –Disability –Sexual orientation –Ethnicity/national origin

26. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Hate Crime Motivators

27. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 What is a Hate Crime? It is NOT a separate, distinct crime It is NOT a separate, distinct crime Hate crimes are traditional offenses motivated by the perpetrator’s bias Hate crimes are traditional offenses motivated by the perpetrator’s bias Hate crimes include: Hate crimes include: –Homicide –Rape –Assault –Robbery –Vandalism Hate crimes are found in both state laws and federal statutes Hate crimes are found in both state laws and federal statutes

28. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Six Hate Group Classifications Klan Klan Neo-Nazi Neo-Nazi Skinhead Skinhead Christian Identity Christian Identity Black Separatist Black Separatist Neo-Confederate Neo-Confederate

29. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Active Hate Groups (2003)

30. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Investigating Hate Crimes The crime must first be screened to be classified as a hate crime using the following criteria: The crime must first be screened to be classified as a hate crime using the following criteria: –Was the victim a member of a targeted class? –Does it appear that victim and suspect belong to different groups? –Would the criminal act have taken place if the victim and suspect were of the same group? –Is there evidence the suspect used biased oral comments, gestures, or written statements? –Did the suspect leave bias-related objects or symbols at the crime scene?

31. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 The Five Types of Hate Crimes Thrill seeking Thrill seeking Organized Organized Missionary Missionary Reactive Reactive Identity conflicted Identity conflicted

32. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Arson Arson is defined as the intentional burning of property for some improper and illegal motive Arson is defined as the intentional burning of property for some improper and illegal motive The estimated annual loss from arson is $2 billion The estimated annual loss from arson is $2 billion It is also estimated that there are: It is also estimated that there are: –1000 deaths –10,000 injuries

33. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Causes of Fire: Five Broad Categories Natural Natural Accidental Accidental Suspicious Suspicious Incendiary Incendiary Unknown Unknown

34. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 The Fire Triangle Heat Oxygen Fuel

35. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Motives for Arson Financial profit Financial profit Revenge Revenge Vandalism Vandalism Crime concealment Crime concealment

36. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Arson by Type

37. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Arson Investigation While the fire is occurring While the fire is occurring –Note the color of smoke and fire –Video or photograph All bystanders All bystanders Progress of the fire Progress of the fire Processing the crime scene Processing the crime scene –Locate the point of ignition (also known as the point of origin) –Locate evidence of Fire accelerants (trailers, containers, unburned tinder not belonging at the scene) by visual means or by using sniffers Fire accelerants (trailers, containers, unburned tinder not belonging at the scene) by visual means or by using sniffers Igniters Igniters Open windows and doors that should have been closed (to facilitate oxygen flow) Open windows and doors that should have been closed (to facilitate oxygen flow)

38. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Evidence of Arson

39. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Arson Investigation (continued) Conduct victim and witness interviews Conduct victim and witness interviews Research the following: Research the following: –Identify the true property owner –Insurance data on the building –Business history of the structure –Background information on all parties involved in the insurance coverage –Identify other motives and those with a motive

40. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 The Arson Suspect Apprehend the suspect Apprehend the suspect –Secure the suspect’s clothing for analysis Presence of residues similar to those recovered at the scene Presence of residues similar to those recovered at the scene The contents of the suspect’s pockets may reveal the ignition means The contents of the suspect’s pockets may reveal the ignition means –Examine the suspect’s skin –Conduct a professional interview/interrogation

41. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Review Questions 1. Define domestic abuse. 2. Describe the victims of domestic abuse. 3. What are the common indicators of child physical abuse? 4. Why would the police and child protective social workers work together to investigate reports of child abuse? 5. Identify the major four types of child abuse. 6. What is meant by the term organized crime? 7. What is a hate crime? 8. What are the indicators that a hate crime has been committed? 9. What are some of the investigative steps that should take place at a fire that may be arson? 10. What is an accelerant commonly found at arson scenes?

42. Criminal Investigation, 7 th Edition By James N. Gilbert PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Student Questions