1. Coal, Steam, and Iron Ingredients for an Industrial Revolution

2. Coal

3. The Iron Age started 3000BCE Iron was first made from iron ore and charcoal. The process used huge amounts of wood for fuel and helped deplete forests near populated areas.

4. It took until the 18 th century to make iron with coal

5. Now iron could be made in larger amounts Iron was used to produce machines that replaced human labor Increased demand for iron meant increased demand for coal

6. But, back at the coal mine… Greater demand for coal to make more iron meant mining to new depths Problem…how to keep mines from flooding

7. Solution to flooded mines… The Newcomen pump used a wood fire to power a large piston that pumped water from the mines. Later, coal was used to fuel the fire

8. The ability to pump water from mines increased coal production. Needed more coal to run the pumps More coal meant more iron could be produced

9. Sixty years later, James Watt made changes that lead to the steam engine

10. Watts adapted his steam pump for other uses

11. The steam engine was used to mine more and more coal Rising demand for coal to make more iron Rising demand for iron to make more engines and other machinery Lead to….

12. … a Transportation Bottleneck

13. Wooden railways The first railways in Great Britain were built in the early 17th century, mainly for transporting coal from the mine to the water where it could be loaded on to a boat. These had wooden rails. However, the rails wore out and had to be replaced often. In 1768, the Coalbrookdale Company laid cast iron plates on such wooden rails to provide a more durable surface. The wooden “trains” were pulled by horses.

14. With modifications from others, Watt’s steam engine began a new era in transportation

15. The Bottleneck was opened. The opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in September 1830 was one of the key events of 19th century England. It was the first railway, which used steam locomotives, and the first to link two major cities

16. The steam engine railroad was an instant success and the age of railroad building began Coal Iron Railroads The demand for each depended on availability of the others. All three were necessary for industrialization