1. Irrigation

2. MANDIBULAR CENTRAL INCISOR

9. MANDIBULAR LATERAL INCISOR

12. MANDIBULAR CANINE

14. MANDIBULAR FIRST PREMOLAR

19. MANDIBULAR SECOND PREMOLAR

23. MANDIBULAR FIRST MOLAR

25. Location of a second distal canal in the mandibular first molar.

29. The MB canal orifice typically exists directly beneath the MB cusp tip, whereas the ML orifice is typically more centered on the occlusal table.

33. MANDIBULAR SECOND MOLAR

34. C-shaped canals

41. MANDIBULAR THIRD MOLAR

44. MAXILLARYMANDIBULAR INCISORS Ovoid or rounded triangular shape Ovoid, 41.4 % have 2 canals CUSPIDS / CANINES Ovoid preparation PREMOLARS Ovoid directed through middle of occlusal surface Slightly round to oval extends towards buccal MOLARS Trapezoidal form that connects MB, DB and P. 85-95 % MB 2 canals 85-95 % MB 2 canals Triangular form, if 2 D canals present then Trapezoidal form

46.  Distance from the cusp tip to pulp chamber ceiling height is approx : 6.0mm  Distance from pulpal floor to the furcation is approx : 3.0mm  Average height of pulp chamber is : 1.5 -2.0mm  The pulp chamber ceiling was found at the level of the cementoenamel junction in 97% - 98% of the maxillary and mandibular molars MORPHOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS OF ANATOMIC LANDMARKS IN MAXILLARY AND MANDIBULAR MOLARS

47. Straight-line access should be established using Gates-Glidden burs sizes 2-3 (and 4 in large canals). These instruments are only intended for the coronal one third of the canal. They should be applied with light sweeping motions about 3-5 times in and out of the canal.

48.  This is sodium hypochlorite in a concentration of either 5.25 or 2.5%.  It acts as a medium to dissolve and flush organic debris and bacterial products out of the root canal system, as well as functioning as a lubricant and antibacterial agent. Irrigation

49.  RC Prep contains 10% Urea peroxide, 15% EDTA (Ethyl di tetra acetic acid) a chelating agent.  When combined with sodium hypochlorite, a chemical reaction takes place between the urea peroxide and the sodium hypochlorite, to release nascent oxygen in a bubbling action which aids in flushing debris out of the root canal system. It is important that the root canal system is irrigated after the use of each file size !

63. STANDARDIZATION OF ENDODONTIC INSTRUMENTS

64. 16 mm D1 D16

67. The use of irrigating solutions is an important part of effective chemomechanical preparation. Antibacterial agent. Tissue solvent. Flush debris. Lubricant. Eliminate the smear layer.

68. Concentration of NaOCl. Berber et al. (2006)

69. The ability of an irrigant to be distributed to the apical portion of a canal is dependent on: Canal anatomy Size of instrumentation Delivery system Baumgartner & Cuenin (1992)