1. PERMANENT MANDIBULAR MOLARS

2. MANDIBULAR 1st MOLAR the largest and the strongest mandibular molars
not considered succedaneous
first permanent molars to erupt=six year molars
5 cusps
2 roots D &M (3 canals: 1-D, 2-M)

3. UNIQUE FUTURES largest mesiodistal crown dimension of any tooth
he occlusocervical and faciolingual dimensions of the first molar are greater than any other mandibular molar
Mandibular first molars have three facial cusps as do some mandibular third molars
the longest roots of any molar
the greatest mesiodistal root separation of any molar
The mesial root has the greatest faciolingual dimension of any root in the mouth

4. Buccal view
The mesiofacial (mesiobuccal) cusp is the largest, widest, and highest of the 3 facial cusps
The facial (buccal) cervical line is nearly straight but there can be enamel that dips cervically nearly into the furcation
The two lingual cusps (mesiolingual and distolingual) are visible because they are taller cusps

5. The mesial root averaged 1 mm longer than the distal root
Both roots have an overall distal inclination
The distal root is straighter than the mesial root

6. Lingual view
The greater height of the lingual cusps hide the facial cusps
portions of the proximal surfaces are visible from a lingual view
The lingual cervical line is nearly straight

7. Mesial view Two cusps can be seen (ML & MB)
Only one root can be seen (FL length twice MD)
The mesial cervical line curves occlusally
The lingual height of contour (area of greatest convexity) has been located in the middle third of the crown
The faciolingual (buccolingual) crown, root, cusps dimension is greater M than D
The two major mesial cusps (mesiofacial and mesiolingual) are larger than the distal cusps

8. Distal view Distolingual cusp is largest
distal proximal contact has been located facial to the crown center (Fuller/Denehy/Schulein; Renner), centered over the root
From a distal view, more of the facial surface can be seen than from a mesial view because the crown tapers distally
More of the occlusal surface is visible from a distal view than mesial view because the distal surface is shorter occlusocervically

9. Occlusal view 5 cusps. All of them functional
The mesiofacial cusp is the largest cusp
The crown tapers lingually
The outline form has been described as pentagonal

10. There are four developmental grooves on the occlusal surface: central; mesiofacial (mesiobuccal); distofacial (distobuccal); and lingual
There are three fossae: central; mesial; and distal
The central developmental groove has a zigzag mesiodistal form
The central development groove forms a “Y” shape with the lingual developmental groove. This is one of the principal occlusal groove patterns

11. MANDIBULAR 2nd MOLAR
Resemble 1st B and L except there no 5th cusp or D cusp
Rooth shorter, closer more D inclined
4 cusp nearly equal size

12. UNIQUE FUTURES
F the roots curve laterally and then toward each other in a manner that resembles the handles of a pair of pliers a unique form shared with only the maxillary first molar
a MF prominence, a unique feature for mandibular molars
The D proximal contact is centered both FL and occlusocervically, a characteristic shared with four other teeth (Max lateral incisor, Max canine, Max 1st molar and Max 2nd molar)

13. Facial view Shorter MD and cervicoolcclusally than 1st Just 2 B cusps
Roots shorter, closer, more D inclined

14. Lingual view
Little if any of the mesial and distal surfaces are visible lingually due to the limited lingual crown taper
The lingual groove may terminate on the occlusal surface or extend onto the lingual surface in the occlusal third (L pit)
Contact areas lower D and M

15. Mesial view
The FL dimension of the M root is greater than the distal , but less rhan 1st molar
mesial proximal contact - similar to the 1st molar, slightly to the facial of the center of the crown
The cervical line is more cervically positioned on the facial surface than lingual

16. Distal view No Distal cusp
Little of the facial surface is visible from a distal view
proximal contact has been located at the center of the crown
Distal root is narrower than M

17. Occlusal view The outline form has been described as rectangular
A number of supplemental grooves are present, “wrinkled” appearance
mesiobuccal cusp is normally the largest cusp, but almost equal in size
developmental grooves: facial; central; and lingual, forming a cross
3 fossae, 3 B, L & M pits+grooves may present

18. MANDIBULAR 3RD MOLAR
more varied in size and shape than all other teeth except the maxillary third molars
small apical-occlusal dimension
the D half of the crown has a noticeably shorter than the M half
crown resembles a mandibular second molar with 4 cusps
Some mandibular third molars have three facial cusps
The mesiolingual cusp is the largest of all the cusps. The lingual cusps are often larger and longer than the facial cusps and more rounded

19. The roots are usually pointed, inclined D, often fused, short
There may be multiple roots and as many as 8 roots
The facial surface is very convex and the tooth has a bulbous form
occlusal outline form is often ovoid
The occlusal table is distinctly ovoid in outline form and highly restricted
The occlusal surface is quite “wrinkled” due to numerous supplemental grooves and ridges

20. MANDIBULAR MOLAR ROOTS
2 roots: 1-M, 2 – D with single root trunk
M root – longer and stronger, curves M then turns D near apex
Root trunk short and grooved on B and L surfaces

21. CHARCTERISTICS

22. PULP CAVITY