1. Catalyst: Week 30 Class 1 1.In 2001, 92 rabbits were born, and 60 died. 14 rabbits immigrated to the area, and 17 emigrated from the area. Find the population growth rate in 2001. 2. Quickly sketch an exponential growth curve and a logistic growth curve. Which one has a carrying capacity? Label it. Take an educated guess at the following questions: 2. What is “pink slime?” 3. What is a “food recall?” Why are foods recalled? What foods do you know that have been recalled?

2. Businesses in the food industry are responsible for keeping our food safe. It is unethical to sell food that might cause disease.

3. Individual consumers need to educate themselves about the dangers of consuming certain foods. It’s their own fault if they get sick.

4. As a consumer, I’m only concerned with the ingredients in my food, and not the HOW the food was made or processed.

5. Our government needs to hold food manufacturers accountable for food-related illness and death.

6. I would pay more for food that was labeled as healthier in some way.

7. Capitalism renders us helpless to change how food is produced or priced... we just have to make the choices that work for us.

8. Kevin's Law

9. Pink Slime Ammonia Treated Beef

10. Our Immune System: The Good Guys

11. Pathogen: A disease-causing bacteria, virus, or fungus Immune System: Protects us from pathogens.

12. 1st Non-specific Defenses 2nd Non-specific Defenses Immune Response (Specific Defenses) Pathogens

13. We have 3 lines of defense: 1 st Nonspecific Defense: Keeps all pathogens out of the body. (like a fence or wall) 1. Skin keeps all pathogens out

14. Pathogens enter through holes in our skin. (ex.______________________________)

15. 2. Mucus, saliva, and tears protect these openings. They trap pathogens and contain enzymes to kill them.

16. First Line of Non-specific Defenses Second Line of Non-specific Defenses Immune Response (Specific Defenses) Pathogens

17. What happens if pathogens DO enter our body?

18. 2 nd Nonspecific Defense: 1.Inflammatory Response- Blood vessels expand. Increases blood flow & the # of white blood cells to infection site. WBCs eat bacteria.

20. 2. Fever- Body temp. increases above normal to slow down pathogen growth

21. Catalyst: Week 30 Class 2 1.What is a pathogen? 1.Name one pathogen discussed in Food Inc © and describe what led to it entering our food system. 3. What is the most important function of our skin? 4. What are the two forms of 1 st Non-Specific Defenses our immune system has? 5. How is a fever helpful to us when we’re sick?

22. “Unfortunately, while industrially produced food may seem expensive, the price we pay at the cash register doesn’t reflect its true cost.” –Food Inc.

23. First Level of Non-specific Defenses Second Level of Non-specific Defenses Immune Response (Specific Defenses) Pathogens

24. Specific Defense (Immune Response) : Antigens- Markers found on the surface of bacteria and viruses

25. Antibodies- A protein that binds (sticks) to antigens. A unique antibody is created by a different B cell. These serve as labels for other cells to attack and destroy. Antigen binding sites

27. Once your body has made antibodies for a specific pathogen, it will be able to make them faster in the future. You can not get sick from the same pathogen twice! You are immune, or protected. Antibody levels Time Second exposure First exposure

28. Vaccine- An injection of a dead or weakened virus to force your body to make antibodies

29. History of Vaccine: From Latin vacca meaning “cow” Smallpox Edward Jenner Noticed that milkmaids who got sick from cow pox did not get smallpox. So he had an idea…

30. Cow pox

31. Small pox

33. HIV and AIDS

34. Virus: non-living particles of DNA (or RNA) and protein Needs a cell to reproduce

35. Bacteria: single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus (aka prokaryotes)

36. Antibiotics: Chemicals that block the growth of bacteria; they have no effect on viruses.

37. Mutations: Random changes in DNA that lead to different phenotypes. Mutations lead to variation in a population.

40. T cells: WBC that kills infected cells B cells: WBC that makes antibodies

41. HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus; a virus that attacks our immune system’s T cells AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

42. Testing for HIV: Involves the testing for HIV antibodies in the blood. A person has AIDS when: the number of T cells is less than 200 cells/mL of blood

43. Time from HIV infection to onset of AIDS can exceed 10 years! A person with HIV can feel and appear healthy but infect other people. 20112021 “Who could I have infected?”

44. Transmission of HIV: Sexual contact: Semen, vaginal fluid, and mucous membranes may contain HIV Blood: Drug-users sharing needles, blood transfusions with contaminated blood Mother to child: during pregnancy or through breast milk Not transmitted by: Air, kissing or handshaking, saliva, tears, urine, mosquitoes

45. T cells in bloodHIV in blood Time Number of cells in 1mL of blood 200 T cells, Onset of AIDS

46. Opportunistic disease: A disease that makes you sick if given the “opportunity” of a weakened immune system There is no cure because: The virus rapidly mutates The following are AIDS-defining diseases (in persons with documented HIV infection): Burkitt's Lymphoma Candidiasis in the bronchi, trachea, lungs, or esophagus Coccidioidomycosis (disseminated or outside the lungs) Cryptococcosis (outside the lungs) Cryptosporidiosis in the intestines lasting for more than 1 month Cytomegalovirus [CMV] (outside the liver, spleen, or lymph nodes) Cytomegalovirus retinitis [CMV] (with loss of vision) HIV encephalopathy Herpes Simplex lesions lasting for more than 1 month duration Herpes Simplex in the bronchi, lungs, or esophagus Histoplasmosis (disseminated or outside the lungs) Immunoblastic Lymphoma Invasive cervical carcinoma (cancer) Isosporiasis in the intestines lasting for more than 1 month Kaposi's Sarcoma Lymphoma (primary in the brain) Mycobacterium avium complex [MAC] (disseminated or outside the lungs) Mycobacterium kansasii (disseminated or outside the lungs) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) Mycobacterium [other types] (disseminated or outside the lungs) Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia Pneumonia (recurrent in 12 month period) Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) Salmonella septicemia (recurrent) Toxoplasmosis (in the brain) Wasting Syndrome

47. Kaposi’s sarcoma, a rare cancer Thrush, a fungus infection of the mouth Wasting syndrome, a severe loss of body mass, mostly muscle

48. Many species get diversity by sexual reproduction. Ex. Children are not identical to their parents. Viruses and bacteria reproduce asexually (aka cloning). If clones are copies, does a population of pathogens have diversity? Review: Why is diversity important? How do pathogens get diversity? Viruses have diversity by mutating. Bacteria have diversity by conjugation.

49. Conjugation: When two bacteria exchange genetic information, but don’t reproduce. Because of this diversity, bacteria and viruses can sometimes escape the immune system.