1. Solar Energy & the Atmosphere

2. Earth’s atmosphere is heated by the _______________________from the sun.

3. Energy is transferred two ways:
Directly: __________ of the sun’s rays by ___________ in atmosphere.
____________: Oceans & land absorb energy then __________ that energy as __________.

4. Radiation
All _______________ received on earth comes from the sun as ____________.
Radiation: _______ forms of energy that travel through ___________ as __________.
Waves are __________ by wave___________.
A wavelength is measured from _______ __ _______.

5. _________________ _________:
_________________ _________:
All of the frequencies or wavelengths of ___________________ radiation.

6. The Atmosphere & Solar Radiation
The atmosphere ___________ solar radiation in several ways.
The __________ atmosphere __________ most radiation that has ___________ wavelengths than visible light.
Molecules (nitrogen & oxygen) in _____________ and _____________ absorb X- rays, gamma rays and UV rays
Most of the solar rays that reach the ________ atmosphere, such as ___________ and infrared waves, have _____________ wavelengths.

7. Radiation _________ in two manners as it enters the _____________:
Reflects

8. Scattering
Clouds, dust, water droplets, and molecules in the atmosphere _____________ the paths of radiation from the sun and cause ______________.
Scattering occurs when particles and gas molecules in the atmosphere reflect and ____________ solar rays.
This deflection causes the rays to travel out in all _______________.

9. Reflection
Albedo: the ____________ of solar radiation that is reflected off the _____________ of an object.
The amount of energy that is absorbed or reflected depends on characteristics such as
____________
Texture
Composition
Volume & mass
Transparency
State of matter
_________________ of the material on which the solar radiation falls.
The intensity and _____________ that a surface material receives radiation also affects how much energy is reflected or absorbed.

10. Absorption & Infrared Energy
Solar radiation that is not reflected is ___________ by
Rocks, _______, ________, and other surface materials.
Gas __________ in the atmosphere.
The absorption of _____________ energy from the ground heats the _____________ atmosphere and keeps Earth’s surface much warmer than it would be if there were no atmosphere.

11. Sometimes warm air near the earth’s surface, bends light rays & produces an effect called ______________.

12. The Greenhouse Effect
Greenhouse effect: the warming of the surface and lower atmosphere of Earth that occurs when _______________, ____________, and other gases in the air absorb and ___________ radiation.

13. Earth’s atmosphere _________ the escape of energy that radiates from Earth’s surface.

14. Human Impact on the Greenhouse Effect
However, human activities may change this __________ and may cause the average temperature of the atmosphere to ____________.
Increases in the amount of carbon dioxide may _____________ the greenhouse effect and may cause Earth to become warmer in some areas and cooler in others.

15. _____________ the transfer of energy as heat ______________ a material
The molecules in a substance move ____________ as they become heated.
___________ between the particles result in the transfer of energy, which __________ the substance.
Conduction heats only the lowest few __________ of the atmosphere, where air comes into __________ contact with the warmed surface of Earth.

16. Convection occurs when gases or liquids are heated _____________.
Convection the movement of ___________ due to differences in ___________
caused by temperature variations
can result in the transfer of energy as _______
Convection occurs when gases or liquids are heated _____________.
The continuous ______ in which cold air ______ and warm air _____ warms Earth’s atmosphere evenly.

17. Variation in Temperature
The temperature of the atmosphere in any ___________ on Earth’s surface depends on several factors,
including _________
_________ features
and the ________
Pressure differences, which are the result of the __________ heating that causes convection, create ___________.