1. High and Late Middle Ages 1050-1450
Chapter 8

2. Royal Power Grows
Section 1

3. William the Conqueror Who: King of England
What: conquered England & set out to control the land
Where: England (Normandy, France)
When: ; 1066*
Why: he conquered England to defeat his cousin & became king; change the power of England to the Normans

4. William the Conq (wksht)
King of England- Edward- died w/o an heir
His brother Harold inherited it
But William said it was his
= conquer England to take the throne
= Anglo-Saxons gone- Normans are in charge

5. Common Law Who: Royal courts, Henry II
What: a legal system based on customs & court rulings
Where: England
When: 1154 AD
Why: unlike local feudal laws, this applied to all of England instead of just local; ppl brought disputes to royal courts instead of church; centralized the law

6. Henry II (workbook) Inherited the throne in England
Claimed rights to rule clergy (church officials) & the royal courts—
He developed common law & a jury system- unifying the legal system under one power
- no longer local law but one central law

7. Jury Who: group of men that spoke the truth, Henry II
What: group of men determined what cases would be brought to trial
Where: England
When: 1154
Why: this was an early form of today’s Grand Jury; this led to trial jury- an accused person is judged by 12 of his neighbors

8. King John Who: son of Henry II, King of England
What: a clever, cruel, & untrustworthy ruler
Where: Enlgand
When: 1205
Why: lost a war = lost land & popularity; argued w. the Pope over his choices; angered his nobles w. oppressive taxes & abuses = Magna Carta (limited his power)

9. King John (workbook) He abused power & overtaxed his nobles
= ppl unhappy
=Magna Carta = limited royal power

10. Magna Carta Who: King John, groups of rebellious barons (nobles)
What: a document that limited the king’s power due to his abuses
Where: England
When: 1215*
Why: this shaped the future of English government-- this said nobles had rights (eventually given to all ppl not just nobles), made it so that the monarch had to obey the law; also introduced due process of law & Habeas Corpus

11. Due Process of Law Who: King John, townspeople
What: a clause that prpotected freemen from arbitrary arrest, imprisonment, &other legal actions
WherE: England
When: 1215
Why: formed the basis of the rights we know &have today- we have rights even when being arrested

12. Habeas Corpus Who: citizens, people that are arrested
What: a right that no person can be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime
Where: England, WE
When: 1215-today
Why: this right was later confirmed in the Petition of Right & is still around today protecting citizens from unjust arrest

13. Parliament
Who:
What:
Where:
When:
Why:

14. The Holy Roman Empire and the Church
Section 2

15. Holy Roman Empire Who: Charlemagne; Otto I
What: empire that ruled throughout WE from Germany to Italy
Where: Central & Eastern Europe (Germany, Italy)
When: 1077-
Why: The Pope was the most powerful man on earth = he gave power of this Empire to the most trustworthy leaders (the Empire was “Holy”) ; largest Empire in Europe since the fall of Rome

16. Henry IV Who: King of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor
What: leader of the HRE; was excommunicated by Pope in 1076 b.c. not following rules of Gregory VII
Where: Germany, HRE, WE
When: 1054-
Why: Henry fought w Pope Gregory VII; was excommunicated; later repented & was forgiven but he led an army to Rome to force Pope into Exile (fought about Lay Investiture)

17. Henry IV (Workbook)
Actions: fought w. Pope Gregory VII about Lay Investiture; later repented but led an army to Rome to kick the Pope out
Effects: he was excommunicated by the Pope but later brought back into church; he signed the Concordat of Worms= took away his power to appoint religious leaders (= Pope more powerful)

18. Gregory VII
Who: Pope
What: Pope that instituted many church reforms such as banning Lay Invest.
Where: Rome, Italy (WE)
When:
Why: he banned the practice of Lay Investiture which caused an issue w. Henry IV; his policies created hatred & contempt b.c. ppl wanted to be independent from the church (secular)

19. Gregory VII (Workbook)
Actions: caused controversy when he banned Lay Invest. ; excommunicated Henry IV for arguing about it
Effects: he wanted to make the church independent of secular rulers so he banned Lay Invest- making him the most powerful b.c. he now appointed all religious officials

20. Lay Investiture Who: Gregory VII vs. Henry IV
What: a church practice where an Emperor or lay person (not relig) vested a person as a religious official or presented bishops w. rings that symbolized their office
Where: Rome, Italy, (WE)
When:
Why: this caused conflict b.n Greg VII & Henry IV which led to Henry’s excommunication; ppl were mad about Gregory VII banned this- they rebelled

21. Frederick Barbarossa
Who: Holy Roman Emperor, known as “Red Beard” , ambitious German ruler
What: fought to bring cities into Italy under his control so he joined w. the Pope to have more control; he wanted to expand his Empire
Where: Germany, Italy
When:
Why: he wanted to build an Empire from Baltic to Adriatic Seas ; he succeeds in expanding his Empire through marriage = German Emp. Are more deeply involved in Italian affairs

22. Frederick Barbarossa (workbook)
Actions: he fought to expand his Empire & succeeded in bringing Northern Italy under his power
Effects: b.c. of his expansion Germany was more deeply involved in Italian affairs

23. Pope Innocent III

24. Pope Innocent III (Workbook)

25. The Crusades
Section 3

26. Crusades Who: European Christians vs. Muslims
What: a series of wars where Christians battled the Muslims over control of the Holy Land in the Middle East (ME)
Where: Middle East (ME)
When:
Why: they learned that the world was larger than they thought & these encounters outside of Europe accelerated change w.in Europe – expand their economies (new goods); monarchs become more powerful;

27. Crusades Who: Christians vs. Muslims
What: a series of religious wars over control of the “Holy Land” for control of the Middle East
Where: Middle East (ME)
When:
Why: European Christians found the world was much larger than they thought & their encounters outside of Europe accelerated change IN Europe- economies expand (new goods), monarchs increase in power

28. Crusades Who: European Christians vs. Muslim Turks
What: a series of religious wars fought over control of the Holy Land
Where: Middle East (ME)
When:
Why: Christians battled for control of land in the Middle East, West. Europeans learned the world was much larger than they thought & their encounters out of Europe accelerated home- economies expand (new goods); the power of the monarchs increases

29. Holy Land Who: Muslims vs Christians
What: the land that Christians believed Jesus was from so it was the origin of their religion; Muslims believed it was the origin of theirs
Where: Jerusalem & Palestine (ME)
When: 1071
Why: Muslims groups controlled this region which prevented Christians from being together; This land was fought over in the Crusades

30. Holy Land Who: Christians, Muslims
What: land in the Middle East where Christians believed Jesus lived & preached meaning it was the origin of their religious; Muslims felt the same about Muhammad here
Where: Jerusalem & Palestine, ME
When: 1071
Why: this land was the start of both Muslim & Christian religions = Muslims had control here = Christians were prevented from being here = Crusades (war)

31. Holy Land Who: Muslim Turks vs. European Christians
What: loaction in the Middle East where Christians believed Jesus preached so it was their Holy Land; Muslim founder Muhammad was from here so it was theirs also
Where: Jerusalem & Palestine, ME
When: 1071
Why: Muslims controlled this land= Christians couldn’t go here = Crusades (war) for control of the land

32. Pope Urban II (3rd) Who: Pope
What: got bishops & nobles to fight against the Muslim Turks for control of the Holy Land
Where: Rome, Italy, WE
When:
Why: he wanted Christians to stop fighting each other & fight Muslims instead; he hoped this would increase his power; & he wanted to heal the split b.n the 2 churches (Orthodox & Catholic)

33. Pope Urban II (6th) Who: Roman Pope
What: gave Christian knights to the Byzantine Empire to help fight against Muslims in the Holy Land
Where: Rome, Italy, WE
When: 1095
Why: he wanted to increase his power; he hoped to heal the schism (split) of the church & he wanted Christians to fight Muslims not other Christians

34. Pope Urban II (7th) Who: Pope
What: gathered Christian knights to fight for Christianity against the Muslim Turks
Where: Rome, Italy, WE; ME
When:
Why: He hoped to increase his power in Europe; heal the schism (split) in the Byzantine & WE Christian churches; set the Crusades to fight Muslims instead of other Christians

35. Reconquista (2nd ) Who: Christian kingdoms
What: a campaign to drive Muslims from the Iberian peninsula (Spain)
Where: Iberian peninsula, Spain
When:
Why: the Christians sought out to take over Muslim lands- by 1300 Christians controlled the whole peninsula, Muslim influence remained strong; Ferdinand &Isabella completed the Recon. By making Spain all Christian

36. Reconquista (6th) Who: Christians vs. Muslims
What: the Christians strove to drive the Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula (Spain & Portugal) and make it all Christian
Where: Iberian Peninsula, Spain, WE
When:
Why: The Christian kingdoms wanted to push the Muslims out of Spain & they succeed- Ferdinand & Isabella complete the Recon. By getting rid of the Muslims

37. Reconquista (7th) Who: Christians vs. Muslims
What: Christians drive the Muslims off the Iberian peninsula to make it all Christian
Where: Iberian peninsula, Spain, WE
When:
Why: Christians drove most of the Muslims out of Spain, they conquered most of Spain & tried converting them to Christianity

38. Ferdinand & Isabella Who: Ferdinand of Aragon & Isabella of Castile
What: they married & unified Spain; pushed the Muslims out of Granada & completed the Reconquista
Where: Spain
When:
Why: The Christians wanted to take over Muslim lands in Spain & end religious tolerance of other religions- Isabella wanted to convert everyone to Christianity– “Inquisition”; wanted to bring political & religious unity to Spain

39. Ferdinand & Isabella (6th)
Who: King Ferdinand of Aragon; Queen Isabella of Castile
What: they married & unified Spain under 1 political power; they completed the Reconquista
WherE: Iberian peninsula, Spain, WE
When:
Why: their marriage unified Spain; they pushed the Muslims out in the Reconquista & Inquisition

40. Ferdinand & Isabella (7th)
Who: King Ferdinand of Aragon; Queen Isabella of Castile
What: they married & created a unified country called Spain
Where: Iberian peninsula, Spain, WE
When:
Why: their marriage unified Spain; they pushed back Muslim Grenada which fell & completed the Reconquista; They led the Inquisition (they wanted to unify politically and religiously)

41. Inquisition Who: non- Christians & Muslims; Ferdinand & Isabella
What: a church court set up to try people accused of heresy (against the church)
Where: Spain
When: 1492-
Why: Jews & Muslims were forced to convert to Christianity or else they were tried by the Inquisition- many who refused were burned at the stake or expelled from Spain; fled- Spain suffered

42. Inquisition (6th)
Who: Queen Isabella of Spain, Non-Christians (Jews & Muslims)
What: the church court that was set up to try people of heresy (going against the church)
Where: Spain
When:
Why: the Christian church in Spain accused all non-Christians of heresy & punished them with death by burning at the stake OR they were expelled non Christians fled Spain

43. Inquisition (7th)
Who: Ferdinand & Isabella; non-Christians (Muslims & Jews)
What: a church court that was set up to try people of heresy (against the Christian church)
Where: Spain
When:
Why: if you were non-christian (heretic)= punished by burning at the stake or being expelled; expelled all Jews & Muslims if they didn’t convert to Christianity fled Spain

44. Causes of the Crusades (worksheet for the top 4 bubbles)
Christians fought Muslims for control of the Holy Land
Seljuk Turks (Muslim) invaded the Byzantine Empire = prevented Christians from traveling to the Holy Land
Religious zeal- really excited about Christianity & fighting for it
Muslims continually sought to destroy Christian states = Christians defended them

45. Causes of the Crusades (top 4 bubbles on wksht)
The Byzantine Emperor asked the Pope for Christian knights to help fight off the Muslim Turks who were invading the Byzantine Empire
Christian men were encouraged to fight in the name of Christ for control of the Holy Land for the Christians
Christian knights had not been allowed to enter the Holy Land, went to fight for their right to be in the Holy Land
The Muslims repeatedly sought to destroy the Christians states which caused the Europeans to fight against them

46. Causes of the Crusades (top 4 bubbles) 7th
Christian knights wanted to fight Muslim Turks for control of the Holy Land
Pope Urban & monarchs wanted to increase the power in WE

47. Effects of the Crusades (bottom 5 bubbles on wksht)
Christians failed in the Crusades & did not succeed in taking over the Holy Land (Muslims had control of Holy Land)
There was a bitter legacy of religious hatred. Both Christians & Muslims committed atrocities in the name of their religion- massacring other religions
Christians learned the world was larger than they thought = curious about the rest of the world = traveling
Economy expanded & improved= Christians were exposed to new goods from ME = trade increased
Monarchs’ power increased back in Europe

48. Effects of the Crusades (bottom 5 bubbles)
Encouraged the growth of the Economy b.c. the Lords allowed peasants to pay w. $
Monarchs’ power increased
Crusaders experienced ME = other culture = curiosity about the world = travel
People had religious hatred towards each other= atrocities against other religions = massacres of other faiths
Helped accelerated/speed up the pace of things in Europe = ppl are encouraged by other cultures

49. Learning & Culture
Section 4

50. The Universities (Cause, workbook)
The church wanted better educated clergy
Wealthy townspeople sons hoped to qualify for higher church positions
Royal leaders needed literate men for the growing bureaucracies

51. Scholarship (wksht)
Muslim scholars had translated the works of Aristotle & other Greek philosophers into Arabic- these works reached Europe & initiated a revolution in the world of learning
Christian scholars studied the works of the Muslim philosophers& were influenced to create their own philosophical works

52. Scholasticism (3rd) Who: Christian philosophers
What: they tried to resolve conflict by using a combination of Reason & Christian beliefs
Where: Europe
When: 1100s
Why: this method of learning & thinking was used to explain Christian beliefs in the Middle Ages- it was also used to resolve conflict- this use of Reason led to learning in Universities

53. Scholasticism (6th) Who: Christian Scholars
What: a method of studying; a method used to solve conflict of science & religion; a mixture of Christian beliefs and Reason
Where: WE
When: 1100s
Why:

54. Thomas Aquinas (3rd) Who: a famous scholastic
What: he wrote “Summa Theologica”
Where: Europe
When:1100s
Why: he wrote Summa Theologica which stated that faith & reason exist in harmony; brought together Christian faith & Greek philosophy

55. Thomas Aquinas (6th) Who: the most famous Scholastic
What: wrote a book “Summ Theologica” to prove that faith & reason exist in harmony; believed in Scholasticism
Where: WE
When: 1100s
Why: he brought together Christian faith & classical Greek philosohy

56. Thomas Aquinas (7th ) Who: a famous scholastic
What: concluded that faith & reason existed in harmony- both lead to the same truth- God rules over an orderly universe; wrote “Summ Theologica”
Where: WE
When: 1100s
Why: he brought together Christian faith & Greek philosophy

57. Literature (wksht)
The Vernacular (everyday language) captured the spirit of the Middle Ages- literature written in this led to many ppl reading
People began writing down oral traditions in the vernacular- gave tales about the Middle Ages

58. Vernacular (3rd) Who: scholars & churchmen; ordinary people
What: an everyday language of ordinary people- local language of an area (Spanish, French, Italian, English)
Where: Europe
When: 1100s
Why: writings captured the spirit of the High and Late Middle Ages; Medieval literature included epics or long narrative poems that were written in this- made them more popular to the common people= more ppl learn to read

59. Vernacular (6th) Who: ordinary local Europeans
What: language for everyday use, local language (French, German, Spanish, English)
Where: WE
When: Middle Ages

60. Dante Alighieri (3rd) Who: an Italian poet
What: wrote “The Divine Comedy” * a story about a journey through heaven, hell, and purgatory
Where: Italy, Europe
When: early 1300s
Why: he was part of the huge literature increase in WE; his story summarized Christian ethics & told us about the Middle Ages & what they believed about the afterlife

61. Geoffrey Chaucer (3rd) Who: an English writer
What: wrote the “Canterbury Tales”* describing traveling pilgrims
Where: England
When: 1300s
Why: his book depicts Medieval life through the stories of the characters traveling; his literature tells us about Medieval life today

62. Geoffrey Chaucer (6th) Who: an English writer
What: wrote the “Canterbury Tales” * describing a group of travelers such as a knight, plowman, merchant, miller, monk, and nun
Where: England, WE
When: Late Middle Ages, 1300s
Why: each tale adds to our picture of the Medieval life

63. Arts (wkbook)
Churches are built, stone masons carved sculptures of biblical figures, & scenes from the bible depicted lives of the saints- educate the illerate
Architecture & stone churches reflected Roman influences of the past- motivate ppl to remember that culture
Paintings symbolized religious ideas, Cathedrals served as symbols of their wealth & religious devotion – focus in the Late Middle Ages

64. Gothic Style (3rd) Who: Abbot Suger (guy who built them)
What: a new style of architecture that would “shine with wonderful & uninterrupted light” ; grand architecture that was to reflect their love of God & heaven
Where: St. Denis, Paris; all over W. Europe
When: s
Why: new style of church that reflected their love of religion- bigger windows, stained glass, thinner wAlls, higher ceilings; paintings in stained glass; pointed to the sky/heavens (gargoyles-to ward off evil); Flying buttresses

65. Flying Buttresses (3rd)
Who: Abbot Sugar (guy who built Gothic style)
What: stone supports outside of the church
Where: WE; St. Denis, Paris
When: s
Why: most important feature of Gothic style- allowed builders to construct higher, thinner walls & leave space for large stained glass windows; they carried the weight of the roof so thick walls weren’t needed

66. Flying Buttresses (6th)
Who: Abbot Sugar (guy who came up with Gothic style) Europeans
What: stone supports that stood outside the church to support the roof of the cathedral
Where: WE, France
When: s
Why: this allowed builders to build thinner & higher walls because it supported the roof of the catherdral; most important feature of Gothic style- allowed for extra space for the stained glass windows

67. Illumination (3rd) Who: skilled artisans
What: Gothic artistic style of decorating books with intricate designs & paintings of bible scenes
Where: WE
When: s
Why: this way of decorating books symbolized religious ideas; was decorated in brilliant colors & detail; this was a key type of art during the Medieval Ages

68. Illumination (6th) Who: monks, nuns, & other skilled artisans
What: decorative books designed in detail to show life in the MA
Where: WE
When: 1300s-1400
Why: this decoration of books illuminated books with intricate designs & paintings, biblical scenes & daily life; this was a key type of art during the MA

69. Black Death Who: Europeans, Asians
What: a disease that was spread around the world by fleas that bit rats that had the disease then gave it to people
Where: Came from Asia, spread to Europe, Africa, & all over Asia
When:
Why: it killed 1/3 of the pop- more than 25 million people; a death rate worse than any war in history; Economy suffers b.c. ppl are dying; normal life changes b.c they feared death & didn’t live normal life; people doubt the church b.c of all the death