1. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 1 Managing Information Technology 6 th Edition CHAPTER 2 COMPUTER HARDWARE

2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 2 Building Blocks of Information Technology HardwareSoftwareNetworkData

3. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 3 BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS All computers made up of the same set of six building blocks: arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), control unit (ALU and control unit  central processing unit or CPU), input, Output (sometimes considered jointly as input/output or I/O, memory, and files (i.e., secondary memory)

4. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 4 BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Device(s) needed to enter data into the computer for it to use in its computations Common input – Keyboard, mice Common output – printer, monitor Input/Output

5. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 5 BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Referred to as main memory or primary memory All data flows to and from memory Memory

6. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 6 BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS – Mathematical operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) – Logical operations (number comparisons) Arithmetic/Logic Unit – Controls the other five components of the computer system Control unit

7. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 7 BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS File devices used to store vast quantities of data File storage devices: – Magnetic tape/drives – Optical CD/DVD drives Computer files/secondary storage

8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8 BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Types of DASDs: – Removable drives Floppy drives Zip drives Keychain drives Computer files

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 9 STORED-PROGRAM CONCEPT Program – A list of what is to be done for an application – Each step or operation is called an instruction Machine language – Form of a program that can be understood by a specific computer model – Consists of operation code and addresses

10. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 10 STORED-PROGRAM CONCEPT Measure of computer power – Millions of instructions per second (MIPS) – Millions of floating point operations per second (MFLOPS) – Benchmarking involves running a set of real jobs on various machines to compare speed

11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 11 STORED-PROGRAM CONCEPT Benchmarking

12. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 12 EXTENSIONS TO THE BASIC MODEL High-speed, high-cost storage Used as intermediary between control unit and main memory Compensates for speed mismatches built into the computer system Cache memory

13. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 13 EXTENSIONS TO THE BASIC MODEL Locality of reference – If a piece of data is used, there is a high probability that a nearby piece of data will be used shortly thereafter Data reuse – Data is retained in cache until it has not been recently referenced Cache memory

14. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 14 EXTENSIONS TO THE BASIC MODEL Systems that contain more than one processor Dual-processor vs. dual-core – Dual-processor systems contain two physically separate processors in the same box – Dual-core systems contain two complete processors manufactured as part of a single chip Multiprocessor systems

15. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 15 EXTENSIONS TO THE BASIC MODEL Symmetric multiprocessor (SMP) – All processors are identical and work independently of each other Parallel processor (PP) – Multiple processors work on separate pieces of the same program Massively parallel processor (MPP) – Machines with a large number of parallel processors Multiprocessor systems

16. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 16 TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Also called personal computers or PCs Two major types of microcomputers – IBM-compatible PCs – Apple microcomputers Examples: – Desktop PC – Laptop or notebook – Handheld or palmtop – Tablet PC Microcomputers

17. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 17 TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Broadest category of computer systems Workstations – More powerful microcomputers – Success due to development of the reduced instruction set computing (RISC) chip Minicomputers – Similar to mainframe systems, but less powerful and less expensive – Used for departmental computers, office automation, and servers Midrange systems

18. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 18 TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS The heart of the computer systems for most major corporations and government agencies Major strength is versatility in applications – Online and batch processing – Standard business applications – Engineering and scientific applications – Network control – Systems development – Web serving Mainframe computers

19. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 19 TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Serve as “number-crunchers” Handle problems generated by research scientists High-end supercomputers located in government research laboratories and major universities Fastest supercomputer (IBM Blue Gene/L) incorporates 65,536 processors and can achieve performance of 280.6 teraflops Supercomputers

20. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 20