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Operating Systems
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Operating Systems Activities performed by the operating system:
Perform common computer hardware functions Provide a user interface and input/output management Provide a degree of hardware independence Manage system memory Manage processing tasks Provide networking capability Control access to system resources Manage files
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Operating Systems cont’d
Hardware independence: Application program interface (API): Allows applications to make use of the operating system Memory management: Allows computer to execute program instructions effectively and to speed processing
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Operating Systems cont’d
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User Interfaces User interface and input/output management:
Allows individuals to access and command the computer system Command-based user interface (CLI): Requires that text commands be given to the computer to perform basic activities Graphical user interface (GUI): Uses icons and menus displayed on screen to send commands to the computer system
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Contemporary Operating Systems
Microsoft PC operating systems: Windows XP Windows 7 Windows 8 Apple computer operating systems: Wintel Mac OS X Linux: Red Hat Linux Caldera OpenLinux
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Workgroup Operating Systems
Windows Server: Can be used to prevent unauthorized disclosure of information UNIX: Can be used on many computer system types and platforms Red Hat Linux: Can manage a cluster of up to eight servers Mac OS X Server: Includes support for 64-bit processing
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Enterprise Operating Systems
z/OS: IBM’s first 64-bit enterprise OS HP-UX and Linux: HP-UX: Robust UNIX-based OS from Hewlett-Packard Supports Internet, database, and business applications on server and mainframe enterprise systems
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MS-DOS 6.22 1994 Last version
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Windows 8 Command Prompt
Windows 8 Standard-User Command Prompt
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The Windows Command Prompt is Not MS-DOS
MS-DOS was a small OS It had no security features It had a simple CLI and no native GUI The MS-DOS command interpreter was command.com The Command Prompt command interpreter is cmd.exe Command Prompt is subject to Windows security
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Microsoft Windows GUI on top of MS-DOS
Versions 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 1992 Windows 3.1 1992 Windows for Workgroups Included networking.
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Microsoft Windows Windows NT 4.0
Entirely new OS with security features Windows NT 3.1Server OS NT 3.5 Server and Workstation NT 4.0 Server and Workstation Windows NT 4.0
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Microsoft Windows 1995 Windows 95 Desktop OS with GUI on DOS Improved GUI No local security
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Microsoft Windows 1998 Windows 98 Desktop OS with GUI on DOS Improved GUI No local security
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Microsoft Windows Windows ME (Millennium Edition)
2000 Windows ME (Millennium Edition) Last of the Windows-on-DOS Targeted to home users No local security
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Microsoft Windows 2000 Windows 2000 New GUI on NT kernel
Included local security features
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Microsoft Windows 2001 Windows XP On NT kernel, but targeted to desktop Very popular for over a decade
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2007 Windows Vista Not a successful OS
Microsoft Windows
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Microsoft Windows 2009 Windows 7 Many improvements Redesigned desktop
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Modern GUI Start Screen
Microsoft Windows 2012 Windows 8 Two GUIs: Modern and Desktop Supports new hardware Modern GUI Start Screen
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UNIX and Linux Operating Systems
UNIX/Linux is a multi-user system UNIX/Linux is a multitasking system Can execute more than one program at a time UNIX/Linux is a portable operating system Used in many computing environments
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Apple Mac OS X 2001- Present Proprietary—Only runs on Macs Based on UNIX kernel GUI and optional CLI
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Linux 1991 Project of Linus Benedict Torvalds Open-source Available in free distributions Optional GUIs
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Linux can have a GUI The KDE GUI in Fedora
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The Unity GUI in Ubuntu
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Job Management Scheduling Printing
Controls order and time in which programs run. Scheduling Printing
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Task Management Controls focus Allows user to switch between tasks
Required for Multitasking Controls focus Allows user to switch between tasks Current window has focus Programs have many processes
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File Management Manages storage of data
Read, write, modify data Manages storage of data File system is logical structure on storage device Formatting writes file system to storage device
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File Management File system logical structure File Folder/directory
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Device Management Device driver for each device/OS
Controls hardware devices Device driver for each device/OS
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Security Password-protected authentication
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4 key components of an O/S
Process Management (section on processes) Memory Management (sections on memory allocation and virtual memory) I/O Management (sections on resources, synchronization, and deadlocks) File Management (section on file management)
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