1. Grammar: Keys to being successful writers
Phrases
Clauses
Sentence fragments
Commas

2. Phrases (pg. 45) group of words NOT containing a subject AND a verb
Types of phrases
Prepositional
Participle
Gerunds
Infinitive
Appositives

3. Prepositional Phrases
uses preposition and noun
Adjective---prep. phrase modifies noun or pronoun
Tucson has been the locale of many Westerns.
Answers who, what or how many
Adverb---prep. phrase modifies verb, adj. or adv.
Tina exercises with care. [how does she exercise]
Tina exercises before breakfast. [when she exercises]
Answers how, when, where, to what extent or why

4. Participle Phrase verb form that can be used as an adjective
Verbal may end in –ing or –ed.
Removing his coat, Jack rushed to the river bank.
Style Academy Video

5. Gerund Phrase verb form ending in –ing that is used as a noun
Walking is a healthful exercise.
Writing that thank-you letter was a good idea.

6. Infinitive Phrase verb form that begins with to used as a noun or modifier
To leave would be rude.
No one wants to stay.
Democrats expect Barack Obama to win the Presidential election.
***Don’t confuse the to with the infinitive with the to of a prepositional phrase

7. Appositive (interrupter) noun or pronoun, often with modifiers, set beside another noun or pronoun to explain it further
My brother’s car, a sporty red hatchback with bucket seats, is the envy of my friends.
***Notice, an appositive is always set off by commas before and after the appositive.

8. Exercises to complete for homework
Pg. 62 Ex. C
Pg. 66 Post Test 2

9. Quick Write: Using the picture below, compose an entry that enhances the imagery using the following phrases: participial, gerund, infinitive, appositive, and prepositional

10. Holding her baby tightly, the women gazes beyond the skyline searching for hope. Her other child clings tightly to her shoulder to gain a sense of security and comfort. The women and her child have been the victims of the Great Depression. Searching for a home, a rare thing to find, the family stops to take a break.

11. Holding a small child in her arms, the worried woman looked to the distance. Smiling was a rare occurrence for her these days, but to say she was depressed would be ironic. Her children, frail from a lack of nutrition, remain alive, which eases her through her days.

12. Differences between a phrase and a clause

13. Clauses (pg. 67) group of words containing a subject and a predicate and is used as a part of speech
Types
Independent
Subordinate (dependent)

14. Independent clauses can stand alone.
When removed from its sentence, an independent clause makes complete sense.
It was a hot, sunny weekend, and all the beaches were packed.
2 independent clauses joined with a conjunction

15. Subordinate clause
Cannot stand alone because it is an incomplete thought.
Still has a subject and verb, just doesn’t make sense without the independent clause
When I get over my cold, my mother is going to take me shopping.
We sang “Green Grow the Lilacs,” however, it is not my favorite song of the West.

16. Subordinating Conjunctions
In order that Where
Provided that Wherever
Since Whether
So that While
Than
Though ****MEMORIZE
Unless THESE!!!!!!!!
Until
When
Whenever
After
Although As
As if
As long as
As though
Because
Before If

17. Conjunction Junction
Independent clauses can be joined with conjunctions
AND, OR, BUT, NOR, FOR
Subordinate clauses can begin with subordinating conjunctions

18. Types of Sentences
Simple
Compound
Complex
Compound-complex

19. Simple sentences (See Spot run! Go Spot go!)
One independent clause and no subordinate clauses
Great literature stirs the imagination.

20. Compound sentences
Two or more independent clauses but no subordinate clauses
Great literature stirs the imagination, and it challenges the intellect.
Great literature stirs the imagination; moreover, it challenges the intellect.

21. Complex sentences One independent and at least one subordinate clause
Great literature, which stirs the imagination, also challenges the intellect.

22. Compound-complex sentence
Two or more independent clauses and at least one subordinate clause
Great literature, which challenges the intellect, is sometimes difficult, but it is also rewarding.

23. Do pg. 70 Exercise 1 pg. 273-275 Exercise 1

24. The Comma (pg. 795) Why can I never remember if I need a comma or not?
Well, the human brain can only retain 7+/-2 bits of information and there are several comma rules and sub-rules
So let’s review when we need a comma…

25. Items in a Series
Between independent clauses when a conjunction is used.
Set off nonessential clauses or participial phrases
Introductory elements
Interrupters
Dates and addresses
Salutations
After a name followed by Jr., Sr., PhD., etc…

26. Items in a Series 3 or more items need commas
Do put a comma before the and at the end of the list of items (Oxford Comma)
She had been to Paris, Rome, and Madrid
Separate 2 or more adjectives preceding a noun
She is a creative, intelligent executive.

27. Joining 2 Independent clauses (2 complete sentences)
Use a comma and conjunction
Comma always comes before the conjunction
The first chapter is slow-moving, but the rest of the story is full of action and suspense.

28. Subordinating Conjunctions
After
Although As
As if
As long as
As though
Because
Before If
In order that Where
Provided that Wherever
Since Whether
So that While
Than Whenever
Though ****MEMORIZE
Unless THESE!!!!!!!!
Until
When
When these begin a sentence, the comma comes after the clause.
When these are in the middle of a sentence the comma comes before the conjunction.
Exceptions to the rule---typically, because, since, or when in the middle of a sentence need no comma

29. WARNING
When there are simply 2 verbs (like in a compound sentence) DO NOT use a comma
The teacher called my parents and left a message on the voic .
***Notice: there is not a second subject so there is not a second independent clause

30. Nonessential Elements
If part of the sentence (clause) is nonessential to the meaning of the sentence, it is considered an interrupter and should be set off by commas
Carla Harris, who was offered scholarships to three colleges, will go to Vassar in the fall.
BUT, if the clause is essential to clarifying the meaning, you do not use a comma
New Orleans is the city which interests me most.

31. Introductory Elements
Use a comma after Well, yes, no, why, when they begin a sentence
After a participial phrase
Giggling like a child, he wrapped the last present.
***Notice---do not confuse a gerund that ends in –ing acting as a subject with a participial phrase. Gerund has no comma after it.
Painting my room was hard but fun.

32. If more than one prep. phrase starts a sentence, use a comma
More examples
After the game we all went to eat ice cream.
With athletes in training, injuries are common.

33. Interrupters Use with appositives
An interview with John McCain, the Republican nominee for President, will appear Sunday in the Edwardsville Intelligencer, our local paper.
Parenthetical expressions (see pg 804)

34. Conventional uses Dates and addresses
Write to me at 6161 Center Grove Road, Edwardsville, Illinois, 62025, after the first of the month.
When only the month and day or month and year are used, DO NOT use a comma.
After salutation
Dear Ms. Haskins,
After a name that has Jr., Sr., etc..
Peter Grundel, Jr.
Lorraine Henson, Ph.D.

35. The Comma Song

36. Do Pg. 808 Review Exercise 1-25 odd