1. 2 nd Industrial Revolution Advertisement! Telephone Radio Airplanes Lightbulb Typewriter Automobile Bicycle Ocean liners Phonograph Zepplins

2. New Organizations of Business Before the Industrial Revolution businesses were owned by only one or two people. They were often run out of their rural homes in what was known as cottage industries. During the Industrial Revolution corporations, with their limited liability attracted shareholders, became the dominant form of business organization during Industrial Revolution.

3. Major forms of business organizations Sole Proprietorship Partnership Corporations (Buying stocks) Monopolies Cartels

4. Emergence of Mass Culture The first Industrial Revolution was characterized by such inventions as the steam engine, spinning jenny, and railroad. It saw workers being underpaid and overworked because of a lack of government regulation. The second Industrial Revolution was characterized by the growth of cities, mass production, and mass culture. It saw inventions as the light bulb, telephone, internal combustion engine, and radio.

5. New Urban Environment: Modern conveniences Urban residents went from being 40% of the population of Great Britain in 1800 to 80% in 1900. Social reformers, boards of health, more organized police and fire departments improved living conditions in cities by the early 1900’s. During the 1800’s improvements in plumbing provided clean running water and proper sewage treatment systems. Also by late 1800’s many people had heated water for baths. People had access to gas and electricity.

6. Transportation led to Improvements in diet Refrigerated railway cars now made it possible to ship grapefruits from Florida, citrus from California, and meat from the slaughter houses of Chicago to any market with access to a rail line. The American diet which had consisted mainly of potatoes and cabbage had widened as produce was processed and moved across country. Tomatoes (previously thought poisonous) joined the new items in the 1880’s kitchen. Coca Cola made its entrance in 1886 as a brain and nerve tonic.

7. Fashion Dress became more uniform between regions and classes as reasonably priced ready-made clothing became available nation- wide. Men adopted a more casual, comfortable mode of clothing as the sack suit became the attire of choice. Fashionable women continued to wear more elaborate dress. The wire cage, called a bustle, was fastened around the waist and extended the dress out in the back. A tightly laced corset gave them tiny waists and little room to breathe. Poor and middle class women whose main occupations were housework and childcare wore dresses more suitable for their work.

8. Social Structure Improved Living standards for most after 1871 because of reforms, rising wages, and lower prices. However, many still lived in poverty. 1. Wealthy elite – 5% of population controlled 40% of wealth. 2. Middle class – 15% of population Upper Middle- Doctors, Lawyers, engineers. Lower Middle-Shopkeepers and traders. New Class – White collar group – sales people, clerks, secretaries 3. Working class – (blue collar) 80% of population: skilled, semi skilled, unskilled laborers. Most lived in poverty.

9. The Experience of Woman During the 1800’s and early 1900’s Marriage and homemaking was the only honorable career available for women. Working class women had to work to keep family going. Feminists fought for social reform (marched, chained themselves to lampposts, pelted politicians with eggs) for women’s rights to own property, right to vote (women’s suffrage), and equal rights. Women sought access to college, and by the late 1800’s nursing became a popular female career. Birth rates declined due to more women in the workforce, and a realization that children were not an economic asset as they once were. Children now required education, rather than being sent into the workforce.

10. Universal Education 1870-1914 Starting in the 1870’s boys and girls between the ages of 6-12 were required to attend school. In countries that had public schools, literacy increased dramatically.

11. New Forms of Leisure During the second Industrial Revolution reforms and laws gave most people more time and money. This allowed people to pursue more leisure activities. These leisure activities entertained people and distracted them from the realities of their work lives. The development of public transportation allowed working class people to attend leisure activities.

12. New Forms of Leisure Amusement parks and public parks developed. Rides such as the Ferris wheel and the roller coaster all date back to the Second Industrial Revolution. The development of the motion picture camera and projector led to the creation of the movie theater, originally known as nickelodeons. The first theaters appeared in the early 1900’s and took off after World War I during the 1920’s. Sports, particularly organized team sports, developed and prospered during this time period. In America, people played baseball, golf, roller skating and the newly developed game of football. In England, sports such as cricket, rounder (baseball), soccer, and boxing were the most popular. For women, exercise was limited, but they still participated in tennis, croquet, bowling, and seaside bathing. By 1884 some 50,000 Americans owned bicycles.

13. Advertising Mass circulation publications with their advertising and their articles on fashion, foods, and activities, plus a national rail system ability to transport advertised items throughout the country, spread similar ideas and products across the continent.