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2.  Before you start a project you need to find out what has already been written on your subject.  Carry out background reading to become familiar with the subject. Browse text and reference books in the library.  For advance search refer to well known journals such as: Nature, Cell, Science, J Immunol etc. look for review articles related to your subject. Dr.Saba Abdi 2

3. Databases that can be used to find information related to biological sciences include: Scopus- for all science subject Web of knowledge-for all science subjects Medline/pubmed-for life science, clinical medicine Science direct-for all science Dr.Saba Abdi 3

4. A lecture for Research Project- II (BCH 499) Dr.Saba Abdi 4

5. At the end of your report or assignment that requires to use references you must list all the publications you referred to (cited) in the text. Dr.Saba Abdi 5

6. Your references show you have read around the subject Your argument will be stronger if supported by evidence from other's research You enable others to find and use the sources that informed your work If you don't include references, you will be guilty of plagiarism i.e. passing off someone else's work as your own Dr.Saba Abdi 6

7.  1. Correct: ensure that you take down all the information correctly.Record details of each citations on an index card or use a database or bibliography soft ware.  2. Clear: use standard elements and punctuactions making it easy for reader to find your reference.  3. Consistent: choose a style and stick to it. Dr.Saba Abdi 7

8. You can acknowledge your sources by creating a list of references or bibliography. You do this in 2 steps:  Step 1: In text citations  Step 2: List your references at the end of your work Dr.Saba Abdi 8

9. The different styles or systems of organising references and citations are often referred to by a name such as:  "Harvard”  "Vancouver”  "Chicago Manual of style“  MLA Dr.Saba Abdi 9

10.  Harward system(Author- date)  Vancouver system (numeric/ Author-number) Dr.Saba Abdi 10

11.  Insert the author's surname and year of publication in bracket s in the text where you cite a reference. Example: The increase in adipocytes in bone marrow leads to bone atrophy (Cirotteau,1999)  If authors name is already in text, just insert the year of publication. Example: Cirotteau (1999) has proposed that the increase in adipocytes in bone marrow leads to bone atrophy. Dr.Saba Abdi 11

12.  If there are two authors insert both names.if more than two authors, insert surname of first author followed by “et al.” Example: The increase in adipocytes in bone marrow leads to bone atrophy (Li et al.,1999)  If you have multiple sources from a single author published in the same year, distinguish them both in the in-text citation and in the reference list, by appending the letters a, b, c... to the year, in the order in which the different references appear in your paper. Example: (Allen 1996a, 1996b.) Dr.Saba Abdi 12

13.  list all your references alphabetically and with full bibliographic details. Example: Cirotteau Y.1999.Morphological modifications of the upper femoral metaphysis on man stricken by osteoporotic disease. C R Acad sci III 322:401-411. Li M, Liang h, Shen Y, Wronski Tj.1999.Parathyroid hormone stimulates cancellous bone formation at skeletal sites regardless of marrow composition in ovariectomized rats.Bone 24:95-100. Dr.Saba Abdi 13

14.  The Vancouver system, also known as the “Numeric system” or “author-number” system.  References are numbered consecutively in order of appearance in the text – they are identified by Arabic numerals, in parenthesis(1), square brackets[1], superscript 1, or a combination [1]  In the bibliography at the end, the references are listed in the numerical order in which they are cited in the text ( not in albhabetical order). Dr.Saba Abdi 14

15.  Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) remains an enigmatic autoimmune liver disease [1],[2],[3],[4]and[5].There is an important role for cytokines and tissue microenvironments in the regulation and propagation of inflammatory responses [6]. While increased serum levels of IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 have been reported in PBC, the most significant increases were noted for IFN-γ and IL-5 when compared to normal controls [7]. Dr.Saba Abdi 15

16.  [1] I.R. Mackay, S. Whittingham, S. Fida, M. Myers, N. Ikuno and M.E. Gershwin et al., The peculiar autoimmunity of primary biliary cirrhosis, Immunol Rev 174 (2000), pp. 226–237.  [2] M.E. Gershwin, I.R. Mackay, A. Sturgess and R.L. Coppel, Identification and specificity of a cDNA encoding the 70 kd mitochondrial antigen recognized in primary biliary cirrhosis, J Immunol 138 (1987), pp. 3525–3531.  [3] S. Shimoda, H. Miyakawa, M. Nakamura, H. Ishibashi, K. Kikuchi and H. Kita et al., CD4 T-cell autoreactivity to the mitochondrial autoantigen PDC-E2 in AMA-negative primary biliary cirrhosis, J Autoimmun 31 (2008), pp. 110–115.  A. Lleo, P.M. Battezzati, C. Selmi, M.E. Gershwin and M. Podda, Is autoimmunity a matter of sex?, Autoimmun Rev 7 (2008), pp. 626– 630. Dr.Saba Abdi 16

17.  List all authors by last name and initials, separated by commas if there are more than two authors. Put an "and" before the last author in the list.  Put the year of publication  The title of the book (in italics if possible)  Edition(if not first)  Publisher  City  Number of the pages in the book.  EXAMPLE:Gould, S. J., 1983, Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes, W. W. Norton, New York City,p 413. Dr.Saba Abdi 17

18.  List the author(s) of the article using the same format as for books  Give the year  The title of the article or chapter (no quotes, italics or underlines)  The name(s) of the editor(s) of the book or compilation,  Title of the book (in italics if possible)  The edition (if not first)  The publisher  The city  The page numbers where the article can be found  EXAMPLE: Rodgers, J., 1983, The life history of a mountain range- - Appalachians, in Hsu, K. J., ed., Mountain Building Processes, Academic Press, Orlando, pp. 229-243. Dr.Saba Abdi 18

19.  List the author(s) of the article using the same format given above for books  The year  The title of the article or chapter (no quotes, italics or underlines)  The title of the journal or magazine (in italics if possible)  The volume number of the journal (do not use the publication date)  Page numbers where the article can be found.EXAMPLE:  One author: Maddox, J., 1987, The great ozone controversy, Nature, v. 329, p. 101.  Two or more authors: Vink, G. E., Morgan, W. J., and Vogt, P. R., 1985, The Earth's hot spots, Scientific American, v. 252, p. 50- 57. Dr.Saba Abdi 19

20.  Author(s)  Date  Title  Report number  Place of publication  Publisher Dr.Saba Abdi 20

21.  Author(s)  Date  Title of paper  Editors of the book  Title of the book and the conference  Place of publication  Publisher  Pages Dr.Saba Abdi 21

22.  Give the author's last name and initials (if known)  The date of publication (or last modification).  The full title of the work (e.g. the specific web page)  Then the title of the complete work or site (if applicable) in italics (if possible). Include any version or file numbers, enclosed in parentheses.  Provide the full URL to the resource, including the protocol, host address, and the complete path or directories necessary to access the document.  The date that you last accessed the site, enclosed in parentheses.  Focazio, M.J., Welch, A.H., Watkins, S.A., Helsel, D.R., and Horn, M.A., 1999, A retrospective analysis on the occurrence of arsenic in ground-water resources of the United States and limitations in drinking-water-supply characterizations, U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigation Report 99- 4279, http://co.water.usgs..gov/traces/pubs/wrir-99-4279/ (accessed August 1, 2000)/ Dr.Saba Abdi 22

23.  Citation style tools can assist you in creating your bibliographic references. Here are some to try:  Citation Machine Citation Machine  Easy Bib Easy Bib  Citation Builder Citation Builder Dr.Saba Abdi 23

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