1. WHAT IS GEOGRAPHY? Social Studies 11 Ms. Underwood

2. INTRODUCTION  Many of the world issues that confront us today cannot be understood without studying our relationship to the planet on which we live.  We must understand geography in order to make sense of the complex issues that surround our world.  We will be studying examining the issues and problems related to the physical world around us.  The significant growth in population, reasons for this growth, and the ability to meet the demand for resources are examples of topics to be investigated.

3. UNITS  Demography  Living standards  Urbanization  Environment

4. GEOGRAPHY  A broad subject that is concerned with describing and analyzing relationships between people and their home.  Links the physical sciences with humanities.  Geography seeks to answer the WHERE, HOW, and WHY questions and to understand their importance.  Global issues – topics/events that have the ability to change or alter the way each person on earth lives their day-to-day life.  Human geography – explains how people interact with the environment in which they live.  Inter-connectedness – the connection between all humans, animals, and plants.  Global Village – Marshall McLuhan coined the term. Refers to the world and all the inhabitants as a small village system.

5. POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHY  Just Think About It:  Now apply the WHERE & WHY questions. Boom! You’re a geographer! YearWorld Population 6, 000 BCE5 million 1 CE250 million ~18001 billion 19603 billion Today~6 billion 2100?10 billion?

6. EXPONENTIAL POPULATION GROWTH  The table of the previous page highlight the exponential population growth the world has experienced since 1800.  Exponential population growth is characterised by ultra-rapid growth occurring over a short period of time.  Does not occur equally across the globe, some regions are faster/slower than others.  What are some concerns about such growth?  Harmful to the environment, places stress on resources and people…  Population clock: http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/

7. DEMOGRAPHY  The study and analysis of trends relating to human populations.  Many demographers believe that the world’s rate of population growth needs to slow down.  In ancient times, demographers believed that population growth was beneficial:  A large population allowed for a strong military and therefore better security.  Allowed some cultures to expand their empires (ex. Romans).  All levels of government need accurate figures of population change so that they can plan for such things as the number of schools and classrooms needed.  Businesses are interested in demographic information as they plan marketing strategies.  Helps us to understand the causes and consequences of population change.

8. CENSUS  In order to help governments maintain accurate records of its people, most countries complete a census every five to ten years.  A census is a national count of population.  It is the process of collecting, compiling, and publishing demographic, economic, and social data pertaining to a particular time.  Limits of a census:  Rarely completely accurate.  Difficult to track individuals without a permanent address.  Many births/deaths go unrecorded and skews census data.  Illiteracy and poor communication make it difficult to complete  therefore it’s difficult to combat the problem and the trends becomes circular.

9. BRAIN BREAK – 5 MIN  Choose one of the following activities: 1. You’ve been hired as a marketing consultant to research the feasibility of launching a new product. a) Come up with a product. b) Create a research tool that will help you to maximize profit. 2. Conduct a mini census to use in this class to help the government plan for education in the province. a) Design a questionnaire. b) Execute the questionnaire. c) Analyze the questionnaire.

10. POPULATION DISTRIBUTION  Refers to the way people are spread out over the Earth’s surface.  Permanently inhabited areas are known as ecumene.  35% of the world’s land is not suitable for settlement.  Over half of the world’s population lives on 5% of the land.  90% of the people live on 10% of the land.  90% of the people live north of the equator.  2/3 of people live within 500km of the ocean.

11. POPULATION DENSITY  The concentration of people living in a geographic area:  What is the population density of Vancouver?  # of people = 603,502 (2011)  Area = 114.97 km 2  Answer = 5249/km 2

13. OTHER FORMULA  Birth Rate:  Death Rate:  Population Growth Rate:

14. DOUBLING TIME  The amount of time it takes a population to double.  Rule of Seventy – Doubling time is equal to seventy divided by the growth rate (per year).  Canada’s natural growth rate = 0.6  Canada’s growth rate (including immigration) = 0.9  How long will it take for our population to double?

15. DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL

16. THE FIVE STAGES OF THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL  STAGE 1: Total population is low but it is balanced due to high birth rates and high death rates.  STAGE 2: Total population rises as death rates fall due to improvements in health care and sanitation. Birth rates remain high.  STAGE 3: Total population is still rising rapidly. The gap between birth and death rates narrows due to the availability of contraception and fewer children being needed to work - due to the mechanisation of farming. The natural increase is high.  STAGE 4: Total population is high, but it is balanced by a low birth rate and a low death rate. Birth control is widely available and there is a desire for smaller families.  STAGE 5: Total population is high but going into decline due to an ageing population. There is a continued desire for smaller families, with people opting to have children later in life.

17. HOMEWORK:  Choose 3 other cities in the world and calculate their population density (show your math!)  Choose 2 other countries in the world and calculate their population density (show your math!)  Forum post. Choose one stage of the demographic transition model and discuss challenges that a government might face in that particular situation. In your opinion what stage would be the most difficult for a government to deal with?