1. Chapter 52 Ecology & Biosphere

2. Fig. 52-2 Organismal ecology Population ecology Community ecology Ecosystem ecology Landscape ecology Global ecology Studies in Ecology

3. The Biosphere

4. Ecology = the study of the interaction of organisms with their environments.

5. The word "ecology" coined from Greek word "oikos", which means "house" or "place to live”.

6. It involves understanding biotic and abiotic factors influencing the distribution and abundance of living things.

7. Biotic Factors Competitors Disease Predators Food availability Habitat availability Symbiotic relationships Abiotic Factors pH Temperature Weather conditions Water availability Chemical composition of environment nitrates, phosphates, ammonia, O 2, pollution

8. population growth competition between species symbiotic relationships trophic (=feeding) relationships origin of biological diversity interaction with the physical environment

9. The entire proportion of the earth that is inhabited by life. Includes communities and ecosystems. The Biosphere

10. What are Biomes? Biomes are regions in the world that share similar plant structures, plant spacing, animals, climate and weather.

11. How are Biomes Classified? Terrestrial or aquatic.

12. Climate- long term weather patterns Weather- momentary conditions of the atmosphere; created by the unequal heating & cooling of the earth’s surface. I. Climate Temperature & Precipitation- major factors that determine an areas climate. Humidity- the amount of water vapor air holds, which is dependent upon temperature.

13. Fig. 52-10c March equinox 60ºN 30ºN 0º (equator) 30ºS June solstice Constant tilt of 23.5º September equinox December solstice

14. Fig. 52-10b Low angle of incoming sunlight Sun directly overhead at equinoxes Low angle of incoming sunlight Atmosphere 90ºS (South Pole) 60ºS 30ºS 23.5ºS (Tropic of Capricorn) 0º (equator) 30ºN 60ºN 23.5ºN (Tropic of Cancer) 90ºN (North Pole) Climate

15. Convection cell model Non-rotating Earth

16. Add rotation and add landmasses unequal heating and cooling of the Earth

17. Fig. 52-10f 0º (equator) 30ºS 60ºS 66.5ºS (Antarctic Circle) 30ºN 66.5ºN (Arctic Circle) 60ºN Westerlies Northeast trades Doldrums Southeast trades Westerlies Tradewinds

18. Fig. 52-11 Labrador current Gulf stream Equator Cold water Warm water Thermohaline Circulation

19. Fig. 52-13 Wind direction Mountain range Leeward side of mountain Ocean Rain Shadow Effect

20. Biomes Species composition is not the same in different areas Plant & animal communities Occupy large regions Function & structure similar to those in similar environments elsewhere

21. tundra grassland taiga chaparral desert scrub desert deciduous forest savannah rainforest alpine Biomes of the World

22. Tundra Taiga Grasslands Deserts Deciduous Forests Tropical Rainforests Biomes Chaparral Savanna Tropical Deciduous Rain Forest Marine Antarctic Primary Biomes Other Biomes

23. Arctic Circle Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Antarctic Circle Tropical Temperate Arctic Antarctic

24. Deciduous Forest Biome

25. Moderate climate Temperatures range between –30 o C and 30 o C Averages from 75 to 150 cm of precipitation Broadleaf plants; seasonal Complex biome Good canopy & understory Fairly rich soils; productive US: early ag. - abandoned Deciduous Forest Biome

26. Temperate deciduous forest Deciduous trees lose their leaves each fall and remain dormant during winter Mid-latitude forests in Europe, East China, Eastern North America Fertile soils Forests: oak, beech, maple

28. deer

29. black bear

30. Grasslands Biome

31. Temperate grasslands More extreme temperature difference between winter and summer Less precipitation Also called steppe or prairie –Once widespread throughout parts of North and South America and much of central Asia –Much was converted for agriculture –Bison, prairie dogs, antelope, and ground-nesting birds

32. groundhogs

33. bison

34. Savanna Tropical grassland interspersed with trees Africa, South America, Australia, India Precipitation only during rainy season Water holes Zebras, gazelles, giraffes, lions, hyenas

36. giraffes

37. Temperate rainforest Coastal Pacific Northwest region Great deal of precipitation Coniferous trees: cedar, spruce, hemlock, fir Moisture-loving animals –Banana slug The fertile soil is susceptible to erosion and landslides. Overharvesting has driven species to extinction and ruined human communities.

38. Tropical Rainforest Biome

39. Tropical Rainforest Typically found near the equator Receives more than 200 cm of rain annually Temperatures typically fall between 20 o C and 25 o C for the entire year As many as 50% of all the world’s animal species may be found here

40. Tall, stratified tree canopy = dark on forest floor (seedlings?) Good drainage Rapid decomposition = nutrients in plants Tropical Rainforest Biome

41. Tropical rainforest Central and South America, southeast Asia, west Africa Year-round rain and warm temperatures Dark and damp Lush vegetation Highly diverse species, but at low densities Very poor, acidic soils Nutrients contained in plants

43. Understory Canopy layer Emergent layer Forest floor

44. Tropical dry forest Tropical deciduous forest India, Africa, South America, northern Australia Wet and dry seasons Warm, but less rainfall Converted to agriculture Erosion-prone soil

45. Desert Biome

46. Desert Widely spaced plants Thorn bushes, succulents Many types of animals, well adapted Typically found between 25 o and 40 o latitude Receives less than 25 cm of rain each year Temperatures typically range between 20 o C and 25 o C but some extreme deserts can reach temperatures higher than 38 o C and lower than – 15 o C

49. Desert Biome Spade-foot Toads playa (temporary lake)

50. Tundra Biome

51. Very short growing season Mosses, lichens, sedges, no trees Permafrost layer Abundant water; sponge Mammals, lemmings Flies, mosquitoes, birds Tundra Biome

52. Tundra Canada, Scandinavia, Russia Minimal precipitation –Nearly as dry as a desert Seasonal variation in temperature –Extremely cold winters Permafrost: permanently frozen soil Few animals: polar bears, musk oxen, caribou Lichens and low vegetation with few trees

54. water vegetation permafrost soil Structure of the Tundra soil

58. caribou

59. snowy owl

60. Taiga Biome

61. Evergreen conifers Typically found between 45 o and 60 o North latitude Cold climate with summer rains Very few reptiles Limited understory Snow is primary form of precipitation (40 – 100 cm annually) Seasonal cycle: migrations Abundant, open water Nutrient rich soils Taiga (Boreal) Biome

62. Boreal forest (taiga) Canada, Alaska, Russia, Scandinavia Variation in temperature and precipitation Cool and dry climate –Long, cold winters –Short, cool summers Poor, acidic soil Few evergreen tree species Moose, wolves, bears, migratory birds

65. Chaparral Mediterranean Sea, California, Chile, and southern Australia High seasonal –Mild, wet winters –Warm, dry summers Frequent fires Densely thicketed, evergreen shrubs

66. Marine Biome The ocean is the largest of all ecosystems. Consists of oceans, coral reefs, and estuaries, hydrothermal vents, salt marshes, coastal zones The ocean contains a diverse array of plants and animals at various depth zones.

67. The Water Planet

68. Fig. 52-16b (b) Marine zonation 2,000–6,000 m Abyssal zone Benthic zone Aphotic zone Pelagic zone Continental shelf 200 m Photic zone 0 Oceanic zoneNeritic zone Intertidal zone

69. Marine Biome

71. Questions The area used as the basis for defining a biome is: An important function of permafrost is to: In which biome would you expect to find the fewest trees? Limitations for primary production in the ocean include: The ocean is a desert because: