1. Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 13 Problems Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

2. Chapter Overview Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Externalizing problems Externalizing problems Problem behavior theoryProblem behavior theory Risky automobile drivingRisky automobile driving Substance useSubstance use Delinquency and crimeDelinquency and crime Factors involved in risk behaviorFactors involved in risk behavior Internalizing problems Internalizing problems DepressionDepression Eating disordersEating disorders

3. Two Broad Problem Types Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 1. Externalizing Problems – create difficulties in a person’s external world (a.k.a. “undercontrolled”) Tend to go together (a person that fights is also more likely to commit other crimes) Tend to go together (a person that fights is also more likely to commit other crimes) More common among males More common among males Often motivated by desire for excitement, not necessarily underlying unhappiness or psychopathology Often motivated by desire for excitement, not necessarily underlying unhappiness or psychopathology 2. Internalizing Problems – primarily affect a person’s internal world (A.k.a. “overcontrolled”) Tend to go together (a person who is depressed is also more likely to have an anxiety disorder) Tend to go together (a person who is depressed is also more likely to have an anxiety disorder) More common in females More common in females Associated with experiencing distress Associated with experiencing distress Bear in Mind…The distinction between the two types is not absolute. A delinquent adolescent might also be depressed. Research shows adolescents with both types have had difficult family backgrounds.

4. Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Externalizing Problems = Risk Behavior = Problem Behavior Extensively studied by social Scientists in the past 30 years Substance Use Risky Driving Risky Sexual Behavior Crime

5. Problem Behavior Theory Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Problem Behavior Syndrome = Pattern of correlations between externalizing problems Problem Behavior Syndrome = Pattern of correlations between externalizing problems Theory: Problems have common origins Theory: Problems have common origins Background factors – e.g., family incomeBackground factors – e.g., family income Personality factors – e.g., self-esteemPersonality factors – e.g., self-esteem Social factors – e.g., parental controlSocial factors – e.g., parental control (Jessor) Bear in Mind…The correlations among the different problem behaviors are not always high and should not be over-emphasized. It’s important not to jump to conclusions!

6. Risky Driving Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Highest rates of auto accidents, injuries, & fatalities? Youth aged 16-24 Leading cause of death for this age group? Auto accidents Possible Reasons? Driver Inexperience?Risks taken while drivingDriving while impairedNot wearing a seatbeltLack of parental monitoring Cultural norms that glorify speeding and racing Belief that friends approve of risky driving Sensation-seeking personality Aggressiveness Optimistic Bias Other factors? Are these individual, social, cultural, factors?

7. Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Shope’s Model of Young Driver Crash Risks (2002)

8. Driver Crash Involvement: Property Damage Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Rates per 100,000: 1997 What do you notice?

9. Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Driver Crash Involvement: Injury Rates per 100,000: 1997 What do you notice?

10. Driver Crash Involvement: Fatality Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Rates per 100,000: 1997 What do you notice?

11. Prevention: Two Approaches 1. Driver Education Generally hasn’t worked too well…Generally hasn’t worked too well… Get your license faster…you’re out there driving and getting into accidents!Get your license faster…you’re out there driving and getting into accidents! 2. Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) More effectiveMore effective Address a variety of risk factorsAddress a variety of risk factors Restrict the conditions under which novices can driveRestrict the conditions under which novices can drive Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

12. Graduated Licensing Strategy Three Stages to a GDL program: Three Stages to a GDL program: 1.Learning License – getting driving experience under supervision of experienced driver 2.Restricted License – can drive unsupervised, but with restrictions designed to reduce crashes (e.g., driving curfews) 3.Full License – after 1 year restricted Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. N L

13. Substance Use Alcohol Alcohol Cigarettes Cigarettes Illegal drugs (e.g., marijuana, cocaine, LSD, ecstasy…) Illegal drugs (e.g., marijuana, cocaine, LSD, ecstasy…) Adolescent substance use became target of a great deal of political attention, public policy programs and research In the 1980s and beyond….

14. Substance Use, 1975-1999 Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Source: Monitoring the Future, 2000

15. Alcohol & Marijuana Use by Age Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Notice the higher levels of use during age when unstructured socializing is most prevalent

16. Sequence of Substance Use 1.Drinking beer and wine 2.Smoking cigarettes and drinking hard liquor 3.Smoking marijuana 4.Using “hard” drugs Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

17. Some people have interpreted the “gateway drug” theory as indicating that if adolescents could be prevented from using alcohol and cigarettes, they would also be less likely to use marijuana and hard drugs. Some people have interpreted the “gateway drug” theory as indicating that if adolescents could be prevented from using alcohol and cigarettes, they would also be less likely to use marijuana and hard drugs. Do you think this is true, or would they be more likely to use other drugs if their access to alcohol and cigarettes were curtailed? Do you think this is true, or would they be more likely to use other drugs if their access to alcohol and cigarettes were curtailed? Discussion Stop Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

18. Adolescents use in different ways… Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Experimental curiosity “to see what it’s like” curiosity “to see what it’s like” Once or twice Once or twice Social Use during social activities with one or more friends Use during social activities with one or more friends Medicinal To relieve unpleasant emotional state such as sadness or anxiety To relieve unpleasant emotional state such as sadness or anxiety Addictive Dependency either physical or psychological Dependency either physical or psychological What do you think? Which adolescents use more frequently? Which adolescents tend to be healthier psychologically? What are implications of each type of use? What types of prevention strategies might work best for each type?

19. Delinquency and Crime: Definitions Delinquency – when “juveniles” commit crimes: Delinquency – when “juveniles” commit crimes: 1.Status Offences – only a violation of the law because committed by juvenile 2.Index Crimes – serious crimes at any age Violent Crimes Violent Crimes Property Crimes Property Crimes 3. Nonindex Crimes – less serious offenses such as gambling, disorderly conduct Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

20. Age and Crime Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 1842 1977

21. Two Types of Delinquency Life-course-persistent delinquents Pattern of problems from birth on up Pattern of problems from birth on up Originate in neuropsychological deficits (difficult temperament, LD) Originate in neuropsychological deficits (difficult temperament, LD) Likely to grow up in high risk environment Likely to grow up in high risk environment Adolescent-delimited delinquents No signs of problems in infancy or childhood No signs of problems in infancy or childhood Period of occasional criminal activity between ages of 12-25 (e.g., vandalism, illegal drug use) Period of occasional criminal activity between ages of 12-25 (e.g., vandalism, illegal drug use) Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. (Moffit, 1993)

22. What do you think of Moffit’s claim that adolescence- delimited delinquents are motivated by a desire to claim access to adult power and privilege? What do you think of Moffit’s claim that adolescence- delimited delinquents are motivated by a desire to claim access to adult power and privilege? What other motivations do you think may be involved in AL delinquency? What other motivations do you think may be involved in AL delinquency? Discussion Stop Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

23. Preventing Crime & Delinquency Prevention programs for children who show signs of risk for LCPD and for adolescents engaging in serious delinquency Prevention programs for children who show signs of risk for LCPD and for adolescents engaging in serious delinquency Varied Strategies: Varied Strategies: Individual therapyIndividual therapy Group therapyGroup therapy Vocational trainingVocational training Outward Bound type programsOutward Bound type programs Scared Straight “Boot Camp” type programsScared Straight “Boot Camp” type programs Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

24. Preventing Crime & Delinquency Two problems with prevention programs: Two problems with prevention programs: 1.Participation is typically non-voluntary or against one’s will 2.Prevention comes too late (in adolescence) after behavior patterns have been established Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. The Multisytemic Approach has been met with some success MST includes parent training, job training, vocational counseling, development of neighborhood activities and centers – directing the energy of delinquents in positive directions. See the next slide for data on MST.

25. Preventing Crime & Delinquency Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Multisytemic therapy (MST) vs. usual Juvenile Justice Services for serious adolescent offenders Note: Lower is better!

26. Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Factors involved in Risk Behavior

27. Socialization and Delinquency What is a “socialized delinquent”? An “unsocialized delinquent”? What is a “socialized delinquent”? An “unsocialized delinquent”? Check out the chapter! Find out about research on other factors involved in Risk Behavior outlined in the Previous Slide

28. Culture and Risk Behavior In traditional cultures, Schlegel and Barry (1991) found that boys and not girls tend to engage in risk behavior during adolescence In traditional cultures, Schlegel and Barry (1991) found that boys and not girls tend to engage in risk behavior during adolescence Evidence of antisocial behavior in less than half of the cultures studied Evidence of antisocial behavior in less than half of the cultures studied In Western countries other than the USA, engage in less risky driving behavior In Western countries other than the USA, engage in less risky driving behavior USA has highest rates of violent crimes USA has highest rates of violent crimes Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. See the following two slides for data related to culture and risk behavior

29. Deaths from Suicide & Homicide Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. The USA has the highest homicide rate; Canada the highest suicide rate

30. 15-year olds Who Report Smoking Daily Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

31. Levels of Depression Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Depression is an enduring period of sadness: Depression is an enduring period of sadness: Depressed mood: enduring period of sadness without any related symptomsDepressed mood: enduring period of sadness without any related symptoms Depressive syndrome: addition of symptoms such as frequent crying, feeling guilty, lonely or worriedDepressive syndrome: addition of symptoms such as frequent crying, feeling guilty, lonely or worried Major Depressive Disorder: Episode includes five or more symptoms during a two-week period and disrupt functioningMajor Depressive Disorder: Episode includes five or more symptoms during a two-week period and disrupt functioning

32. Major Depressive Disorder Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 1. Depressed or irritable mood for most of the day, nearly every day. 2. Reduced interest or pleasure in all or almost all activities, nearly every day. 3. Significant weight loss or gain, or decrease in appetite. 4. Insomnia or oversleeping. 5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation, observable by others. 6. Low energy or fatigue. 7. Feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt. 8. Diminished ability to think or concentrate. 9. Recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal thoughts.

33. Constructing Ideas: Causes of Depression? Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Define and discuss the diathesis-stress model in terms of genetic and environmental factors. How does gender relate to this?

34. Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) recognizes that depression is characterized by negative attributions, and a belief that the situation is permanent and uncontrollable The goal of CBT is to help the young person recognize the cognitive habits that are promoting depression and work to change those habits. Strategies include discussion, role play, practicing new ways of interacting Treating Depression with CBT… Relapse is less likely after CBT treatment than drug treatment

35. Suicide: Risk Factors and Facts Risk factors: Risk factors: DepressionDepression Family disruptionFamily disruption Substance abuse problemsSubstance abuse problems Relationship problems outside familyRelationship problems outside family Result of series of difficulties over timeResult of series of difficulties over time Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Females 4 times more likely than males to attempt suicide Males 4 times more likely than females to kill themselves Rates are highest where guns are most available Third most common cause of death ages 15-19 Higher rates among White than Black youth Rates highest among Native American youth

36. Eating Disorders Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Anorexia Nervosa – intentional self-starving Anorexia Nervosa – intentional self-starving Bulimia – binge eating and purging Bulimia – binge eating and purging Cultural ideal of thinness Puberty and body changes More common among upper and middle socioeconomic classes Girls who read magazines like “Seventeen” are more likely to strive for thinness Occurs most often among females in teens and early 20s Warm and controlling parents

37. What would you propose as an effective treatment for different eating disorders? Why? What would you propose as an effective treatment for different eating disorders? Why? Discussion Stop Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.