1. Insight Through Computing 15. Strings Operations Subscripting Concatenation Search Numeric-String Conversions Built-Ins: int2str,num2str, str2double

2. Insight Through Computing Previous Dealings N = input(‘Enter Degree: ’) title(‘The Sine Function’) disp( sprintf(‘N = %2d’,N) )

3. Insight Through Computing A String is an Array of Characters ‘Aa7*>@ x!’ A a 7 * > @ x ! This string has length 9.

4. Insight Through Computing Why are Stirngs Important? 1.Numerical Data often encoded as strings 2. Genomic calculation/search

5. Insight Through Computing Numerical Data is Often Encoded in Strings For example, a file containing Ithaca weather data begins with the string W07629N4226 Longitude: 76 o 29’ West Latitude: 42 o 26’ North

6. Insight Through Computing What We Would Like to Do W07629N4226 Get hold of the substring ‘07629’ Convert it to floating format so that it can be involved in numerical calculations.

7. Insight Through Computing Format Issues 9 as an IEEE floating point number: 9 as a character: 0100000blablahblah01001111000100010010 01000otherblabla Different Representation

8. Insight Through Computing Genomic Computations Looking for patterns in a DNA sequence: ‘ATTCTGACCTCGATC’ ACCT

9. Insight Through Computing Genomic Computations Quantifying Differences: ATTCTGACCTCGATC ATTGCTGACCTCGAT Remove?

10. Insight Through Computing Working With Strings

11. Insight Through Computing Strings Can Be Assigned to Variables S = ‘N = 2’ N = 2; S = sprintf(‘N = %1d’,N) ‘N = 2’ S sprintf produces a formatted string using fprintf rules

12. Insight Through Computing Strings Have a Length s = ‘abc’; n = length(s); % n = 3 s = ‘’; % the empty string n = length(s) % n = 0 s = ‘ ‘; % single blank n = length(s) % n = 1

13. Insight Through Computing Concatenation This: S = ‘abc’; T = ‘xy’ R = [S T] is the same as this: R = ‘abcxy’

14. Insight Through Computing Repeated Concatenation This: s = ‘’; for k=1:5 s = [s ‘z’]; end is the same as this: z = ‘zzzzz’

15. Insight Through Computing Replacing and Appending Characters s = ‘abc’; s(2) = ‘x’ % s = ‘axc’ t = ‘abc’ t(4) = ‘d’ % t = ‘abcd’ v = ‘’ v(5) = ‘x’ % v = ‘ x’

16. Insight Through Computing Extracting Substrings s = ‘abcdef’; x = s(3) % x = ‘c’ x = s(2:4) % x = ‘bcd’ x = s(length(s)) % x = ‘f’

17. Insight Through Computing Colon Notation s( : ) Starting Location Ending Location

18. Insight Through Computing Replacing Substrings s = ‘abcde’; s(2:4) = ‘xyz’ % s = ‘axyze’ s = ‘abcde’ s(2:4) = ‘wxyz’ % Error

19. Insight Through Computing Question Time s = ‘abcde’; for k=1:3 s = [ s(4:5) s(1:3)]; end What is the final value of s ? A abcde B. bcdea C. eabcd D. deabc

20. Insight Through Computing Problem: DNA Strand x is a string made up of the characters ‘A’, ‘C’, ‘T’, and ‘G’. Construct a string Y obtained from x by replacinig each A by T, each T by A, each C by G, and each G by C x: ACGTTGCAGTTCCATATG y: TGCAACGTCAAGGTATAC

21. Insight Through Computing function y = Strand(x) % x is a string consisting of % the characters A, C, T, and G. % y is a string obtained by % replacing A by T, T by A, % C by G and G by C.

22. Insight Through Computing Comparing Strings Built-in function strcmp strcmp(s1,s2) is true if the strings s1 and s2 are identical.

23. Insight Through Computing How y is Built Up x: ACGTTGCAGTTCCATATG y: TGCAACGTCAAGGTATAC Start: y: ‘’ After 1 pass: y: T After 2 passes: y: TG After 3 passes: y: TGC

24. Insight Through Computing for k=1:length(x) if strcmp(x(k),'A') y = [y 'T']; elseif strcmp(x(k),'T') y = [y 'A']; elseif strcmp(x(k),'C') y = [y 'G']; else y = [y 'C']; end

25. Insight Through Computing A DNA Search Problem Suppose S and T are strings, e.g., S: ‘ACCT’ T: ‘ATGACCTGA’ We’d like to know if S is a substring of T and if so, where is the first occurrance?

26. Insight Through Computing function k = FindCopy(S,T) % S and T are strings. % If S is not a substring of T, % then k=0. % Otherwise, k is the smallest % integer so that S is identical % to T(k:k+length(S)-1).

27. Insight Through Computing A DNA Search Problem S: ‘ACCT’ T: ‘ATGACCTGA’ strcmp(S,T(1:4))  False

28. Insight Through Computing A DNA Search Problem S: ‘ACCT’ T: ‘ATGACCTGA’ strcmp(S,T(2:5))  False

29. Insight Through Computing A DNA Search Problem S: ‘ACCT’ T: ‘ATGACCTGA’ strcmp(S,T(3:6))  False

30. Insight Through Computing A DNA Search Problem S: ‘ACCT’ T: ‘ATGACCTGA’ strcmp(S,T(4:7)))  True

31. Insight Through Computing Pseudocode First = 1; Last = length(S); while S is not identical to T(First:Last) First = First + 1; Last = Last + 1; end

32. Insight Through Computing Subscript Error S: ‘ACCT’ T: ‘ATGACTGA’ strcmp(S,T(6:9)) There’s a problem if S is not a substring of T.

33. Insight Through Computing Pseudocode First = 1; Last = length(s); while Last<=length(T) &&... ~strcmp(S,T(First:Last)) First = First + 1; Last = Last + 1; end

34. Insight Through Computing Post-Loop Processing Loop ends when this is false: Last<=length(T) &&... ~strcmp(S,T(First:Last))

35. Insight Through Computing Post-Loop Processing if Last>length(T) % No Match found k=0; else % There was a match k=First; end The loop ends for one of two reasons.

36. Insight Through Computing Numeric/String Conversion

37. Insight Through Computing String-to-Numeric Conversion An example… Convention: W07629N4226 Longitude: 76 o 29’ West Latitude: 42 o 26’ North

38. Insight Through Computing String-to-Numeric Conversion S = ‘W07629N4226’ s1 = s(2:4); x1 = str2double(s1); s2 = s(5:6); x2 = str2double(s2); Longitude = x1 + x2/60 There are 60 minutes in a degree.

39. Insight Through Computing Numeric-to-String Conversion x = 1234; s = int2str(x); % s = ‘1234’ x = pi; s = num2str(x,’%5.3f’); % s =‘3.142’

40. Insight Through Computing Problem Given a date in the format ‘mm/dd’ specify the next day in the same format

41. Insight Through Computing y = Tomorrow(x) x y 02/28 03/01 07/13 07/14 12/31 01/01

42. Insight Through Computing Get the Day and Month month = str2double(x(1:2)); day = str2double(x(4:5)); Thus, if x = ’02/28’ then month is assigned the numerical value of 2 and day is assigned the numerical value of 28.

43. Insight Through Computing L = [31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31]; if day+1<=L(month) % Tomorrow is in the same month newDay = day+1; newMonth = month;

44. Insight Through Computing L = [31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31]; else % Tomorrow is in the next month newDay = 1; if month <12 newMonth = month+1; else newMonth = 1; end

45. Insight Through Computing The New Day String Compute newDay (numerical) and convert… d = int2str(newDay); if length(d)==1 d = ['0' d]; end

46. Insight Through Computing The New Month String Compute newMonth (numerical) and convert… m = int2str(newMonth); if length(m)==1; m = ['0' m]; end

47. Insight Through Computing The Final Concatenation y = [m '/' d];

48. Insight Through Computing Some other useful string functions str= ‘Cs 1112’; length(str) % 7 isletter(str) % [1 1 0 0 0 0 0] isspace(str) % [0 0 1 0 0 0 0] lower(str) % ‘cs 1112’ upper(str) % ‘CS 1112’ ischar(str) % Is str a char array? True (1) strcmp(str(1:2),‘cs’) % Compare strings str(1:2) & ‘cs’. False (0) strcmp(str(1:3),‘CS’) % False (0)

49. Insight Through Computing ASCII characters (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) ascii code Character:: 65‘A’ 66‘B’ 67‘C’: 90‘Z’: ascii code Character:: 48‘0’ 49‘1’ 50‘2’: 57‘9’:

50. Insight Through Computing Character vs ASCII code str= ‘Age 19’ %a 1-d array of characters code= double(str) %convert chars to ascii values str1= char(code) %convert ascii values to chars

51. Insight Through Computing Arithmetic and relational ops on characters ‘c’-‘a’ gives 2 ‘6’-‘5’ gives 1 letter1=‘e’; letter2=‘f’; letter1-letter2 gives -1 ‘c’>’a’ gives true letter1==letter2 gives false ‘A’ + 2 gives 67 char(‘A’+2) gives ‘C’

52. Insight Through Computing Example: toUpper Write a function toUpper(cha) to convert character cha to upper case if cha is a lower case letter. Return the converted letter. If cha is not a lower case letter, simply return the character cha. Hint: Think about the distance between a letter and the base letter ‘a’ (or ‘A’). E.g., a b c d e f g h … A B C D E F G H … Of course, do not use Matlab function upper ! distance = ‘g’-‘a’ = 6 = ‘G’-‘A’

53. Insight Through Computing function up = toUpper(cha) % up is the upper case of character cha. % If cha is not a letter then up is just cha. up= cha; cha is lower case if it is between ‘a’ and ‘z’

54. Insight Through Computing function up = toUpper(cha) % up is the upper case of character cha. % If cha is not a letter then up is just cha. up= cha; if ( cha >= 'a' && cha <= 'z' ) % Find distance of cha from ‘a’ end

55. Insight Through Computing function up = toUpper(cha) % up is the upper case of character cha. % If cha is not a letter then up is just cha. up= cha; if ( cha >= 'a' && cha <= 'z' ) % Find distance of cha from ‘a’ offset= cha - 'a'; % Go same distance from ‘A’ end

56. Insight Through Computing function up = toUpper(cha) % up is the upper case of character cha. % If cha is not a letter then up is just cha. up= cha; if ( cha >= 'a' && cha <= 'z' ) % Find distance of cha from ‘a’ offset= cha - 'a'; % Go same distance from ‘A’ up= char('A' + offset); end