1. Covenant College September 3, 20151 Laura Broussard, Ph.D. Professor COS 131: Computing for Engineers Chapter 6: Character Strings

2. Covenant College September 3, 20152 Introduction Chapter discusses the nature, implementation, and behavior of character strings in MATLAB We will consider: –Internal workings of character strings as vectors –Operations on character strings –Converting between numeric and character string representations –Input and output functions –Construction and uses for arrays of strings M-files we suer to store scripts and functions consist of lines of legible characters separated by an invisible “ new-line ” character

3. Covenant College September 3, 20153 Introduction We will discuss the underlying concept of character storage and the tools MATLAB provides for operating on character strings Distinguish two different relationships between characters and numbers: –Individual characters have an internal numerical representation. –Strings of characters represent numerical values to the users

4. Covenant College September 3, 20154 Introduction Individual characters have an internal numerical representation. –Characters created as a pattern of white and black dots using special software called a character generator –Allow us to take the underlying concept of a character (w) and draw that character on screen or aper in accorandce with the rules defined by the current font

5. Covenant College September 3, 20155 Introduction Individual characters have an internal numerical representation. –We represent each individual character by a numerical equivalent –Dominant representation is the one define by the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) –The most common uppercase and lowercase characters, numbers, and many punctuation marks are represented by numbers between 1 and 127

6. Covenant College September 3, 20156 Introduction We briefly examined this character coding scheme in Chapter 1. It is repeated here for your convenience. You can observe the binary mapping so a given ASCII binary code triggers the character generator to display the corresponding character.

7. Covenant College September 3, 20157 Introduction Strings of characters represent numerical values to the user: –Whenever we need to see the value of a given number in the command window, that internal representation is automatically converted by MATLAB into a character string representing its value in a form we can read. –When we use the input(…) function, the set of characters that we enter is automatically translated to the internal number representation

8. Covenant College September 3, 20158 Character String Concepts: Mapping and Casting MATLAB tools that deal with the first relationship between characters and numbers –The numerical representation of individual characters –Mapping – defines a relationship between two entities Character mapping allows each individual graphic character to be uniquely represented by a numerical value (What about a computer makes us do this?)

9. Covenant College September 3, 20159 MATLAB Implementation MATLAB ’ s external specification of character strings uses the single quote mark ( ‘ ) to delimit character strings The editor colors the resulting string in purple When you have a ( ‘ ) as actual text you use double single quote marks as in ‘ don ’’ t ’ Exercise 6.1: Character Casting Smith text, page 137, bottom

10. Covenant College September 3, 201510 MATLAB Implementation In Exercise 6.1 the casting function uint8(…) takes a character or character string and converts its representation to a vector of the same length as the orginal string Casting function char(…) takes a vector and converts it to a string representation Casting function double(…) acts the same as uint8(…) but stores values using 64 bits

11. Covenant College September 3, 201511 MATLAB Implementation Use single quotes as delimiters within a MATLAB script Quotes are removed when displayed as output Arithmetic operations on character strings are illegal MATLAB uses the numerical equivalent and then you can get the character equivalents back by using the char(…) casting function

12. Covenant College September 3, 201512 MATLAB Implementation Slicing and Concatenating Strings –Strings are internally represented as vectors –Can perform all usual vector operations on strings –Exercise 6.2: Character strings –Smith text, page 138, bottom

13. Covenant College September 3, 201513 MATLAB Implementation Arithmetic and Logical Operations –Mathematical operations can be performed on the numerical mapping of a character string –MATLAB will do the cast for you –Creates a result of type double but not usually suitable for character values –Logical operations on character strings are also exactly equivalent to logical operations on vectors –Exercise 6.3: Character string logic –Smith text, page 139, top

14. Covenant College September 3, 201514 MATLAB Implementation Useful functions –Functions useful in analyzing character strings: ischar(a) returns TRUE if a is a character string isspace(ch) returns TRUE if the character ch is the space character

15. Covenant College September 3, 201515 Format Conversion Functions Second relationship between characters and functions: –Using character strings to represent individual number values –Two separate capabilities: Converting numbers from efficient, internal form to legible strings Converting strings provided by users of MATLAB into the internal number representation

16. Covenant College September 3, 201516 Format Conversion Functions Conversion from Numbers to Strings –MATLAB functions for a simple conversion of a single number, x, to its string equivalent representation: int2str(x) if you want it displayed as an integer num2str(x, n) to see the decimal parts; the parameter n represents the number of decimal palces required; default is 3

17. Covenant College September 3, 201517 Format Conversion Functions Conversion from Numbers to Strings –Often need better control over the data conversion Function sprintf(…) provides fine-grained control First parameter is a format control string that defines exactly how the resulting string should be formatted Variable number of value parameters follow the format string; provide data items as necessary to satisfy the formatting

18. Covenant College September 3, 201518 Format Conversion Functions Conversion from Numbers to Strings –Contains two types of special entry introduced by the following two special characters: ‘ % ’ character introduces a conversion specification, indicating how one of the value parameters should be represented Most common conversions: –%d integer –%f real –%g general –%c character –%s string

19. Covenant College September 3, 201519 Format Conversion Functions Conversion from Numbers to Strings –A number may be placed immediately after the % character to specify the minimum number of characters in the conversion –‘.n ’ to indicate the number of decimal places required –If you require the % as a character in a string then you must use % to allow its use as a character –If there are more parameters than conversion specifications in the format control string, the format control string is repeated –The ‘ \ ’ character introduces format control information, the most common of which are \n (new line) and \t (tab)

20. Covenant College September 3, 201520 Format Conversion Functions Conversion from Numbers to Strings –Example: You need a comma after the print string format and before the variable list.

21. Covenant College September 3, 201521 Format Conversion Functions Conversion from strings to numbers –This is a much messier and complex process –Should avoid if possible –Use MATLAB ’ s function input(…) to these conversions for you –Use the function sscanf(…) if you must do these types of conversions yourself

22. Covenant College September 3, 201522 Format Conversion Functions Conversion from strings to numbers –Function input(str) displays the string parameter to the user in the Command window and waits for the user to type some characters and the ‘ enter ’ key –It then converts the input string according to the following rules: If the string begins with a numerical character, MATLAB converts the string to a number If it begins with a non-numeric character, MATLAB constructs a variable name and looks for its definition If it begins with an open bracket, ‘ [ ‘, a vector is constructed If it begins with the single quote character, MATLAB creates a string

23. Covenant College September 3, 201523 Format Conversion Functions Conversion from strings to numbers –Function input(str) If a format error occurs, MATLAB repeats the prompt in the Command window This can be modified if ‘ s ’ is provided as the second parameter as in Input(str, ‘ s ’ ); the complete input character sequence is saved as a string –Exercise 6.4: The input(…) function –Smith text, page 141, bottom –Observations: MATLAB attempts to distinguish between a variable and a number by the first digit When input(…) detects and error parsing the text entered, it automatically resets and requests a new entry

24. Covenant College September 3, 201524 Format Conversion Functions Conversion from strings to numbers –Function sscanf(…) is very different from the C/C++ implementation –Simplest form: cv = sscanf(str, fmt) scans the string str and converts each data item according to the conversion specifications in the format string fmt. –Each item discovered in str produces a new row on the result array, cv, a column vector –If you convert strings this way, each character in the string becomes a separate numerical result in the output vector –MATLAB allows you to substitute the character ‘ * ’ for the conversion size parameter to suppress any strings in the input string. See example on the next slide.

25. Covenant College September 3, 201525 Format Conversion Functions Conversion from strings to numbers –Function sscanf(…) example:

26. Covenant College September 3, 201526 Character String Operations Can use simple functions with limited flexibility or you can use complex functions that offer far more control Simple data output: the disp(…) function –disp(…) presents values of any variable, regardless of type, or of strings constructed by concatenation –Note that an explicit number conversion is required to concatenate variables with strings –Exercise 6.5: The disp(…) function –Smith text, page 143, top –Note that conversion from the ASCII code is not automatic –Must use the simple string conversion functions to enforce consistent information for concatenation

27. Covenant College September 3, 201527 Character String Operations Complex Output –Function fprintf(…) is similar to sprintf(…), except that it prints its results to the Command window instead of returning a string. –fprintf(…) returns the number of characters actually printed –Exercise 6.6: fprintf(…) and sprintf(…) –Smith text, page143-144, bottom-top

28. Covenant College September 3, 201528 Character String Operations Comparing Strings –In MATLAB strings are readily translated into vectors of numbers –They may be compared with the logical operators we used on numbers –There is the restriction that either the strings must be of the same length or one of them must be of length 1 before it is legal to compare them with these operators –MATLAB provides the C-style function strcmp(, ) that returns true if the strings are identical and false if they are not –Exercise 6.7:Character string comparison –Smith text, page 144, bottom

29. Covenant College September 3, 201529 Character String Operations Comparing Strings –Exercise 6.7 observations Strings of the same length compare exactly to vectors returning a logical vector result Cannot use the equality test on strings of unequal length strcmp(…) deals gracefully with strings of unequal length For case-idependent testing, use strcmpi(…)

30. Covenant College September 3, 201530 Arrays of Strings A single character string is stored in a vector Natural to consider storing a collection of strings as an array Character arrays are constructed by either of the following: –As a vertical vector of strings, all of which must be the same length –By using a special version of the char( &) cast function that accepts a variable number of strings with different lengths, pads them with blanks to make all rows the same length, and stores them in an array of characters –Exercise 6.8: Character string arrays –Smith text, page 145, bottom

31. Covenant College September 3, 201531 Engineering Example: Encryption Problem: –Increasing interest in the use of encryption to protect intellectual property and private communication from unauthorized access –Problem illustrates a very simple approach to developing an algorithm that is immune to all but the most obvious, brute- force code-breaking techniques

32. Covenant College September 3, 201532 Engineering Example: Encryption Background: –Simple encryption has been accomplished by substituting one character for another in the message –More advanced techniques use a random letter selection process to substitute new letters

33. Covenant College September 3, 201533 Engineering Example: Encryption Solution: –Propose a simple algorithm where a predetermined random series is used to select the replacement letters –MATLAB rand(…) function is an excellent source for an appropriate random sequence (pseudo-random number generation) –An abundant set of differetn techniques for generating pseudo-random sequences, the specific generation technique must be known in addition to the seed value for successful decryption –See MATLAB code on following slide

34. Covenant College September 3, 201534 Engineering Example: Encryption MATLAB code:

35. Covenant College September 3, 201535 Engineering Example: Encryption MATLAB code:

36. Covenant College September 3, 201536 Engineering Example: Encryption Observations on Listing 6.1: –Original text taken from earlier in this chapter –Multiple lines of characters can be concatenated –Number 13 same as new line escape sequence ’ \n ’ –Line 15 seeds the pseudo-random number generator with a known value: rand( ‘ state ’, 123456) –No two characters of the original text are replaced by the same character –Program begins the decryption by seeding the generator with the same value –Must subtract the random sequence from the encrypted string and correct for underflow

37. Covenant College September 3, 201537 Engineering Example: Encryption Observations on Listing 6.1: –Best to add the RANGE value to all the letters while subtracting the random offsets, and then bring back those values that remain above the highest printable character –Program then attempts to decrypt with the same code but a bad seed –Program then attempts to decrypt with the correct seed but a different random generator, here MATLAB ’ s normal random generator limited to positive values within the letter range of interest

38. Covenant College September 3, 201538 Engineering Example: Encryption Partial output for Listing 6.1: