1. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University1 Variables and C++ Data Types

2. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University2 mathExample2.cpp // math example #include using namespace std; int main() { cout << "The reciprocal of 10 is " << 1.0/10.0 << endl; cout << "The square root of 10 is " << sqrt(10.0) << endl; cout << "e^(10.0) = " << exp(10.0) << endl; cout << "The reciprocal of 15 is " << 1.0/15.0 << endl; cout << "The square root of 15 is " << sqrt(15.0) << endl; cout << "e^(15.0) = " << exp(15.0) << endl; return 0; // exit program }

3. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University3 mathExample2.cpp > g++ -o mathExample2.exe mathExample2.cpp > mathExample2.exe The reciprocal of 10 is 0.1 The square root of 10 is 3.16228 e^(10.0) = 22026.5 The reciprocal of 15 is 0.0666667 The square root of 15 is 3.87298 e^(15.0) = 3.26902e+06 >

4. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University4 Variables (1) Programs like mathExample2.cpp have little use in practice… There is no room for change. They simply print the same output onto the screen every time they are executed. A more interesting program might have different behavior under different circumstances.

5. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University5 Variables (2) For instance, a program that asks for a number and outputs its reciprocal and square root is much more useful than mathExample2.cpp. –This program needs placeholders for the incoming values. –These placeholders are called variables

6. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University6 mathExample3.cpp // math example #include using namespace std; int main() { double x; x = 10.0; cout << "The reciprocal of 10 is " << 1.0/x << endl; cout << "The square root of 10 is " << sqrt(x) << endl; cout << "e^(" << x << ") = " << exp(x) << endl; x = 15.0; cout << "The reciprocal of 15 is " << 1.0/x << endl; cout << "The square root of 15 is " << sqrt(x) << endl; cout << "e^(" << x << ") = " << exp(x) << endl; return 0; // exit program }

7. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University7 Declaration Statements Before you can use a variable, you must declare it. This allows the computer to set aside the memory that will be needed for that variable. Variables consist of a name and its data type. C++ variable declarations are of the form: dataType variableName; dataType can be: int, float, char, double, unsigned int,... variableName must be composed of alphanumeric characters or underscore ‘_’.

8. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University8 Declaration Example #include using namespace std; int main() { int age; float wage; char initial; double height; return 0; // exit program }

9. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University9 Variable Names Variable names are composed of the characters: a,b,c,..,z,A,B,C,…,Z,0,1,2,…,9 and _. Variables names must begin with: a,b,c,..,z,A,B,C,…,Z or _. Capitalized and lower case letters are different. Examples: int age;int age1; int Age;int age2; int myAge;int age3B; int Jacks_age;int _age;

10. Variable Names Which of these are valid variable names? me2 Me2 2L8 R-Wenger He_who_hesitates_is_lost HeWhoHesitatesIsLost Gordon.Gee CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University10

11. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University11 Variable Assignments Variables can be assigned values during or after declaration, but never before (why?) Assignment is done with the equals sign height = 67.34; initial = ‘E’; //initial = E; will not work as expected double totalPay = salary + overtime; Variable assignment is NOT commutative! The variable must always be on the left side of an equals sign. The following is NOT valid: 67 = x;

12. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University12 mathExample4.cpp // math example #include using namespace std; int main() { double x; cout << "Enter x: "; // Note: no new line cin >> x; // Note: operator ">>“, not operator "<<" cout << "The reciprocal of " << x << " is " << 1.0/x << endl; cout << "The square root of " << x << " is " << sqrt(x) << endl; cout << "e^(" << x << ") = " << exp(x) << endl; return 0; // exit program }

13. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University13 Input Using cin (1) cin (Console INput) can be used to obtain user input. Unlike cout, use >> with cin, and not << When the program is run, cin will wait indefinitely for user input. cin will input a single value into a variable when it detects a new line from the input: Remember that before using inputting values into variables, the variables MUST have already been declared! … double x; cout << "Enter x: "; // Note: no new line cin >> x; // Note: operator ">>“, not operator "<<" …

14. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University14 > mathExample4.exe Enter x: 10.0 The reciprocal of 10 is 0.1 The square root of 10 is 3.16228 e^(10) = 22026.5 > … int main() { double x; cout << "Enter x: "; // Note: no new line cin >> x; // Note: operator ">>“, not operator "<<" cout << "The reciprocal of " << x << " is " << 1.0/x << endl; cout << "The square root of " << x << " is " << sqrt(x) << endl; cout << "e^(" << x << ") = " << exp(x) << endl; …

15. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University15 mathExample4.cpp Try inputs: 20 -20 1000 -1000 0 -0 // math example #include using namespace std; int main() { double x; cout << "Enter x: "; // Note: no new line cin >> x; // Note: operator ">>“, not operator "<<“ cout << "The reciprocal of " << x << " is " << 1.0/x << endl; cout << "The square root of " << x << " is " << sqrt(x) << endl; cout << "e^(" << x << ") = " << exp(x) << endl; return 0; // exit program }

16. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University16 xyz1.cpp // multiple declarations example #include using namespace std; int main() { double x; double y; double z; cout << "Enter x, y and z: "; cin >> x; cin >> y; cin >> z; cout << "x = " << x << endl; cout << "y = " << y << endl; cout << "z = " << z << endl; return 0; // exit program }

17. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University17 > xyz1.exe Enter x, y and z: 1 2 3 x = 1 y = 2 z = 3 > … cout << "Enter x, y and z: "; cin >> x; cin >> y; cin >> z; cout << "x = " << x << endl; cout << "y = " << y << endl; cout << "z = " << z << endl; …

18. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University18 > xyz1.exe Enter x, y and z: 1 2 3 x = 1 y = 2 z = 3 > … cout << "Enter x, y and z: "; cin >> x; cin >> y; cin >> z; cout << "x = " << x << endl; cout << "y = " << y << endl; cout << "z = " << z << endl; …

19. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University19 Multiple Declarations In the previous example we had double x; double y; double z; This can be done in one statement like this: double x, y, z; This is very useful when creating several variables of the same type.

20. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University20 xyz2.cpp // multiple declarations example #include using namespace std; int main() { double x, y, z; // multiple declarations cout << "Enter x, y and z: "; cin >> x; cin >> y; cin >> z; cout << "x = " << x << endl; cout << "y = " << y << endl; cout << "z = " << z << endl; return 0; // exit program }

21. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University21 xyz3.cpp // multiple declarations example #include using namespace std; int main() { double x, y, z; cout << "Enter x, y and z: "; cin >> x >> y >> z; // read x, then y, then z cout << "x = " << x << endl; cout << "y = " << y << endl; cout << "z = " << z << endl; return 0; // exit program }

22. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University22 Multiple Inputs Using cin cin can be used to obtain multiple inputs. cin knows when to delimit (i.e. start looking for the next input) upon reaching a “whitespace.” Whitespaces are: tabs, spaces, new lines

23. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University23 > xyz1.exe Enter x, y and z: 1 2 3 x = 1 y = 2 z = 3 > … cout << "Enter x, y and z: "; cin >> x >> y >> z; cout << "x = " << x << endl; cout << "y = " << y << endl; cout << "z = " << z << endl; …

24. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University24 > xyz1.exe Enter x, y and z: 1 2 3 x = 1 y = 2 z = 3 > … cout << "Enter x, y and z: "; cin >> x >> y >> z; cout << "x = " << x << endl; cout << "y = " << y << endl; cout << "z = " << z << endl; …

25. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University25 Breaking up Multiple Inputs Sometimes it makes more sense to break up multiple inputs into single inputs, even if they are correlated: int x, y, z; cout << “Enter x: “; cin >> x; cout << “Enter y: “; cin >> y; cout << “Enter z: “; cin >> z;

26. cin and cout Which of the following C++ statements have syntax errors and what are the errors? cout >> “Answer = ” >> x+y >> endl; cin << x; cout << “Yes, ” << “ or ” << “ no “ << “ or ” << “ maybe.” << endl; cin >> yes >> no >> maybe; cout << “x + y = ” (x + y) << endl; CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University26

27. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University27 Variables (3) Variables are used to hold data within a program (the data is held in your computer’s main memory). A program can read-from and write-to variables. That is, their values can vary. Every variable consists of two parts: 1.The name of a variable is tied to a location in memory 2.Its data type (discussed next...)

28. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University28 Data Type: Integers (1) An integer value is any number that has no decimal point. 123 -45000 +1432431 0 are all valid integers 1,244 is not a valid integer in C++; no commas are used. Neither is $12 because $ is not a valid part of an integer.

29. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University29 Data Type: Integers (2) The largest and smallest integers supported is dependent of the computer on which the program is compiled. Most of today’s computers use 32-bits to represent an integer, so 2 32 values can be represented. Integers can be signed or unsigned. –What is the maximum value of an unsigned 32 bit integer? –What is the maximum value of a signed 32 bit integer?

30. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University30 intExample1.cpp // example using type int #include using namespace std; int main() { int x, y; cout << "Enter x and y: "; cin >> x >> y; // Read in x and then y cout << "x = " << x << endl; cout << "y = " << y << endl; cout << "x+y = " << x+y << endl; cout << "x/y = " << x/y << endl; cout << "Done." << endl; return 0; // exit program } Try inputs: 17 3 3 17 0 17 17 0 2000000000

31. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University31 Integer Division In C++, (15 / 2) is 7. Why? Remember that integers have no fractional parts! There is no rounding in integer division. If your program contained: cout << (15 / 16); The output would be 0. The fractional part of an integer division is truncated so the result can be an integer. If you need the remainder, use %. If you need a decimal answer, make your operands floating-point numbers: cout << (15.0 / 16.0);

32. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University32 Data Types: Floating Point Numbers (1) Floating-point numbers have a decimal point, and they can also be signed or unsigned. There are three basic types: float double long double –The differences between these are their supported range and precision.

33. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University33 Data Types: Floating Point Numbers (2) To represent a floating point number: –float uses 32 bits (4 bytes) –double uses 64 bits (8 bytes) –long double uses 128 bits (16 bytes) The tradeoff is storage vs. precision and range What exactly is the precision and range, and how are floating point numbers represented in binary format? IEEE 754 Standard

34. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University34 Data Types: Floating Point Numbers (3) Always use “ double ” to represent floating point numbers.

35. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University35 Data Types: Floating Point Numbers (4) Floating-point numbers can be written in exponential notation: 134.56 or 1.3456e2 -0.00345 or -3.45e-3 Here, e is short for “times ten to the power of”, just like in scientific notation.

36. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University36 rationalExample1.cpp // example using type double #include using namespace std; int main() { double x, y; cout << "Enter x and y: "; cin >> x >> y; cout << "x = " << x << endl; cout << "y = " << y << endl; cout << "x+y = " << x+y << endl; cout << “x*y = " << x*y << endl; cout << “x/y = " << x/y << endl; cout << "Done." << endl; return 0; // exit program } Try inputs: 17 3 3 17 17 0 4000000000 1e100 1e200

37. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University37 Data Type: Characters Characters include: –All letters of the alphabet (upper and lower case) –The symbolic representation of digits 0 – 9 –All various symbols such as: + * & ^ % $ |, ! A character value is simply one of these in single quotes, such as 'A' or '8' or ':' or ' ' (blank space).

38. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University38 Data Type: Characters A character value is a character in single quotes, such as 'A' or '8' or ':' or ' ' (blank space). NOTE: '8' and 8 are different. –'8' is the symbolic representation of the character, ‘8’; –8 is the integer 8.

39. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University39 Data Type: Characters Characters usually take up 8 bits (1 byte) That means there are 2 8 (or 256) different characters, and every number within the range of [0, 255] is mapped onto some character So a character really boils down to a numerical representation known as ASCII encoding.

40. ASCII Code CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University40 CodeChar 32Space 33! 34" 35# 36$ 37% 38& 39' 40( 41) …… CodeChar 480 491 502 513 524 535 546 557 568 579 …… CodeChar 65A 66B 67C 68D 69E 70F 71G 72H 73I 74J …… CodeChar 97a 98b 99c 100d 101e 102f 103g 104h 105i 106j ……

41. ASCII Table CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University41

42. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University42 charExample1.cpp // example using type char #include using namespace std; int main() { char c1, c2, c3; cout << "Enter first initial: "; cin >> c1; cout << "Enter second initial: "; cin >> c2; c3 = 'X'; cout << "Created by: "; cout << c1 << c2 << c3 << endl; return 0; // exit program }

43. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University43 > charExample1.exe Enter first initial: R Enter second initial: W {What is the output?} … char c1, c2, c3; cout << "Enter first initial: "; cin >> c1; cout << "Enter second initial: "; cin >> c2; c3 = 'X'; cout << "Created by: "; cout << c1 << c2 << c3 << endl; …

44. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University44 Characters Strings A character string is an array of characters. Examples: –"Hello" –"Hello World!" (Note: Blank space is part of the string.) –"He who hesitates is lost.\nHaste makes waste.\n" –"" (The empty string.)

45. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University45 Character Strings NOTE: 'A' and "A" are different. –'A' is the symbolic representation of the character, ‘A’; –"A" is a string containing a single character. NOTE: '8' and "8" and 8 are different. –'8' is the symbolic representation of the character, ‘8’; –"8" is a string containing a single character; –8 is the integer 8.

46. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University46 Data Type: Boolean The Boolean data type is used for just two values: true and false Like characters, they only consume 1 byte of storage. It is worth noting that when dealing with Boolean values in C++, any number other than 0 is always interpreted as true.

47. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University47 Arithmetic Operations (1) The basic operations of +, -, *, and / are available, as is % which is used for modulus division (returns the remainder). A simple arithmetic expression is of the form: operand operator operand 5 % 3

48. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University48 Arithmetic Operations (2) // Examples of arithmetic operations #include using namespace std; int main() { cout << "5 % 3 = " << (5 % 3) << endl; cout << "4 - 3 = " << (4 - 3) << endl; cout << "5.0 / 2.0 = " << (5.0 / 2.0) << endl; cout << "5 / 2 = " << (5 / 2) << endl; // Is there any real difference in the last two statements? return 0; }

49. CSE202: Lecture 2The Ohio State University49 >arithmetic.exe 5 % 3 = 2 4 - 3 = 1 5.0 / 2.0 = 2.5 5 / 2 = 2 > … cout << "5 % 3 = " << (5 % 3) << endl; cout << "4 - 3 = " << (4 - 3) << endl; cout << "5.0 / 2.0 = " << (5.0 / 2.0) << endl; cout << "5 / 2 = " << (5 / 2) << endl; …