1. 9. Ionization and Energy Exchange Processes 1.Solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) is the major source of energy input into the thermospheres/ionospheres in the solar system. 2. Electron precipitation contributes near the magnetic poles.  > 90 nm causes dissociation (O 2  O+O)  nm causes ionization 5.Energy losses (sinks), from the ionosphere’ point of view, are airglow and the heating of the neutral atmosphere (thermosphere) 6.Energy flow diagram in Fig. 9.1

2. 9.1 Absorption of Solar Radiation in the Thermosphere (1)

3. 9.1 Absorption of Solar Radiation in the Thermosphere (1a)

4. 9.1 Absorption of Solar Radiation in the Thermosphere (2)

5. 9.1 Absorption of Solar Radiation in the Thermosphere (2a)

6. 9.1 Absorption of Solar Radiation in the Thermosphere (3)

7. 9.1 Absorption of Solar Radiation in the Thermosphere (3b)

8. 9.3 Photoionization (1)

9. 9.3 Photoionization (1a)

10. 9.3 Photoionization (2)

11. 11.4 Ionospheric Layers

12. 11.4 Ionospheric Layers (2)

13. 11.4 Ionospheric Layers (3)

14. 11.4 Ionospheric Layers (4)