Chapter 26 Section 1 Pages 779-782 The Great War Begins Chapter 26 Section 1 Pages 779-782.

Chapter 26 Section 1 Pages 779-782
The Great War Begins Chapter 26 Section 1 Pages

What is an alliance? Why would countries make alliances with one another?

a. an alliance is a pact, coalition or friendship between two or more parties, made in order to advance common goals and to secure common interests. It is a Political agreement between countries to support each other in disputes with other countries. b.Trade Share Resources Mutual Economic Aide Defense

Ripple Effect One man shot, millions will die due to ripple effect of alliances

Crash Course Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I: Crash Course World History #36 - YouTube

The Great War Begins Main Idea
Europe in 1914 was on the brink of war. After an assassination, the nations of Europe were drawn one by one into what would be called the Great War, or World War I.

Europe on the Brink of War
Rising tensions in Europe, 1914 Tensions result of four factors Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism

Massive military buildup in European countries, late 1800s and early 1900s Wanted to protect overseas colonies from other nations Growing power of armed forces left all sides ready to act at first sign of trouble Minor disagreements had potential to turn to armed conflict Militarism Nations formed partnerships to protect against opposing forces Triple Alliance united Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy Great Britain joined France, Russia in Triple Entente Believed no one nation would attack another, because allies would join fight Alliances

Late 1800s and early 1900s saw quest to build empires Created rivalry, ill will among European nations Germany, France, Russia, Great Britain vied to become great imperial nations Each did not want others to gain power Imperialism Strong devotion to one’s national group or culture, increased in late 1800s Led to formation of new countries, struggles for power Most visible in Balkan Peninsula, southeastern Europe Home to many ethnic groups trying to break free from Ottoman Empire Nationalism

Why was Europe on the brink of war in 1914?
Summarize Why was Europe on the brink of war in 1914? Answer(s): rising tensions as result of militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism

Some of strongest nationalist tensions in Balkans in Serbia, independent nation Serbian leaders wanted to expand borders, unite people in “greater Serbia” Austria-Hungary, powerful empire to north, opposed expansion Feared growth might encourage ethnic groups there to rebel Tensions continued to rise in early 1900s

War Breaks Out The Impact Fighting Begins
In the midst of the tensions with Serbia, archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary decided to visit the Bosnian city of Sarajevo. Serbian Gavrilo Princip assassinated archduke, wife Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia Russia prepared to support Serbia Austria-Hungary ally Germany saw Russia as threat Germany declared war on Russia, ally France The Impact Germany faced war on two fronts: Russia to east, France to west Decided to strike France quickly then move to Russia Began with quick strike into neutral Belgium Attack on neutral country led Great Britain to declare war on Germany Fighting Begins

War Breaks Out Main players in World War I in place Triple Alliance
Germany Austria-Hungary Italy Triple Entente Great Britain France Russia Serbia

What events led to the outbreak of World War I?
Sequence What events led to the outbreak of World War I? Answer(s): Serbian Gavrilo Princip killed Austrian Archduke Ferdinand and his wife; Germany (an ally of Austria-Hungary) declared war on Russia (an ally of Serbia); Germany attacked Belgium; Great Britain declared war on Germany

Fighting in 1914 Germany’s plan
Germany wanted to quickly defeat France, move east to fight Russia Great Britain’s declaration of war on Germany doomed its plan The Great War became bloody stalemate Early battles Battle of the Frontiers pitted German troops against both French and British Both sides suffered heavy losses Germany victorious Russia enters fighting Russia attacked German territory from the east Russians defeated in Battle of Tannenberg Germany distracted from France, Allies turned on German invaders

Fighting in 1914 Trench warfare begins
Allied troops drove Germans back, Battle of the Marne, September 1914 Retreating Germans dug series of trenches along Aisne River Waited in trenches for Allied attack Trenches elaborately constructed, cleverly concealed Allies dug trenches of their own Major battles for months with little change in positions Deadlocked region became known as Western Front

Trench Warfare

What were the major events of the fighting in 1914?
Summarize What were the major events of the fighting in 1914? Answer(s): Germany advanced through Belgium to attack France; Russia attacked East Prussia; Russians crushed in Battle of Tannenberg; British and French forces regrouped; millions died or were wounded; trench warfare resulted in a stalemate

GROG Points Identify Cause and Effect Using your notes, fill in the interactive graphic organizer by explaining how the events of the late 1800s and early 1900s led up to the outbreak of World War I.

A new kind of war Chapter 26 Section 2 Pages

Bell Ringer 26.2 – 5 points Write notes for a speech that a European leader trying to prevent the outbreak of war might have given in July Use details from the chapter in your notes. Alliance will not prevent war Militarism should be avoided Nationalism and imperialism could lead top war

A New Kind of War Main Idea
With the introduction of new types of warfare and new technologies, World War I resulted in destruction on a scale never before imagined.

The World War I Battlefield
New weapons Poison gas, other new weapons response to massive deadlock Two systems of trenches stretched hundreds of miles, western Europe Millions of Allied and Central Powers soldiers in trenches of Western Front Trench warfare Trench warfare not new idea Soldiers had long hidden behind mounds of earth Scale of 1914 Europe trench warfare never before experienced Life in trenches Rainstorms produced deep puddles, mud Lice, rats, bad sanitation constant problems Removing dead bodies often impossible

Over the top Soldiers ordered out of trenches to attack enemy Sprinting across area known as “no-man’s-land” a deadly game Thousands on both sides died, cut down by enemy guns New weapons Neither side able to make significant advances on enemy’s trenches Each side turned to new weapons like poison gas Value limited, both sides developed gas masks More effective Other new weapons more effective than poison gas Rapid-fire machine guns in wide use Artillery and high-explosive shells, enormous destructive power

Death in the Trenches

Tanks and Aircraft Tanks pioneered by British Could cross rough battlefield terrain Reliability was a problem Aircraft most useful At beginning of war, mostly for observation Soon had machine guns, bombs attached Faster airplanes useful in attacking cities, battlefields

New Weapons

How did new technology affect the World War I battlefield?
Summarize How did new technology affect the World War I battlefield? Answer(s): New technologies such as poison gas and rapid-firing machine guns made the battlefield more dangerous; faster airplanes proved useful in attacking battlefield positions, factories, and cities; neither side was able to gain an advantage.

War on the Home Front Government Actions Government Control
Winning new type of war required use of all society’s resources Total war, governments took stronger control of citizens’ lives New controls changes nations’ industries, economies Factories produced military equipment, citizens conserved food, other goods Government Actions Sought to control public opinion Censored newspaper reports about fighting to keep from discouraging public Created propaganda, information to influence opinions, encourage volunteers Posters, pamphlets, articles about enemy’s brutal actions Government Control

Propaganda Posters

War on the Home Front Women in War Millions of men at battle
Work on home front done by women Some worked in factories, producing war supplies Others served as nurses to wounded Contributions of women Transformed public views of women Helped women win right to vote

Women fight war at home

In your own words define Propaganda? How was Propaganda used in WW1?
Hint: Think total war What is your opinion of Propaganda? Good/Bad Why?

Propaganda City, North Korea

North Korea Propaganda video
North Korean Propaganda Video - YouTube

In what ways did the war affect the home front?
Find the Main Idea In what ways did the war affect the home front? Answer(s): The government took over factories; civilians conserved food and materials; propaganda was produced; women joined the work force.

Battles on the Western Front
While people on the home front supported their troops, the war in Western Europe was going badly for the Allied Powers. Italy joined Allied Powers, May 1915 Sent forces against Austria-Hungary at border with Italy Series of back-and-forth battles Little progress made The Italian Front Germans planned assault on French fortress, Verdun Believed French would defend fortress at all costs Battle of Verdun meant to kill, injure as many French soldiers as possible, Bleed France White 400,000 French casualties in 10 months of fighting, almost as many for Germany The Battle of Verdun

The Third Battle of Ypres
The Battle of the Somme British launched attack in Somme River area to pull German troops away from Verdun Main assault during 1916, but no major breakthrough Both sides lost great number of troops; British suffered nearly 60,000 casualties on the first day of fighting The Third Battle of Ypres Failed French offensive caused rebellion among French soldiers, spring 1917 British began offensive near Ypres, Belgium, site of German attacks Third Battle of Ypres a disaster for British After 3 years of battle, front lines remained virtually unchanged

What was the result of the battles on the Western Front?
Summarize What was the result of the battles on the Western Front? Answer(s): Both sides suffered extreme casualties, but the front lines remained virtually unchanged.

War around the World Much of the early fighting took place in Europe, but the conflict quickly became a true world war as fighting spread around the globe. Over 30 nations officially took sides in the war. Ottoman Empire joined Central Powers, late 1914 Controlled sea passage, Dardanelles Used by Allies to ship supplies to Russia Gallipoli Campaign Allies landed force on Gallipoli Peninsula Attempted to destroy guns, forts on Dardanelles Gave up after months of fighting, 200,000 deaths Spring 1915 Ottoman subjects in Arabian Peninsula rebelled later in war British sent T.E. Lawrence to support Arabs Arabs overthrew Ottoman rule Major Loss

Gallipoli Peninsula

War around the World Armenian Massacre
Different conflict elsewhere in Ottoman Empire during Gallipoli Campaign Russia launched attack in Caucasus Caucasus Mountain region between Black and Caspian seas Home to ethnic Christian Armenians, minority in Muslim Ottoman Empire Use of Force Ottoman leaders claimed Armenians aided Russians Began forcibly removing Armenians from Caucasus, spring 1915 Violence, starvation 600,000 Armenians died in massacre Ottoman leaders accused of genocide, destruction of racial, political or cultural group

War around the World Other Fighting War also fought in Asia and Africa
Japan declared war on Germany Part of military agreement with Great Britain Japanese captured German colonies in China British, French attacked German colonies in Africa Allied colonies scattered around world made contributions to war Some colonists worked as laborers to keep armies supplied Others fought, died in battles in hope of winning independence Hopes were in vain

In what areas of the world did the war take place?
Summarize In what areas of the world did the war take place? Answer(s): Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Pacific

GROG Points Using your notes, fill in the interactive graphic organizer by explaining how the war on the Western Front was different from the war elsewhere in the world.

Revolution In Russia Chapter 26 Section 3

Bell Ringer 26.3 From the perspective of a World War I soldier, write a letter describing life in the trenches. Use details from the section in your letter.

Revolution in Russia Main Idea
The war and social unrest combined to push Russia to the edge of a revolution. The events that followed led to Russia’s exit from the war and became a major turning point in world history.

The Years Before the War
Russia and World War I Russia a troubled nation Czar Nicholas II had promised reform after 1905 revolution, but delivered little real change Bolsheviks sought to change life through revolution, wanted to overthrow czar Led by Lenin, wanted proletariat to rule Russia as socialist country The Years Before the War Adaptation of Marxist ideas of overthrow of capitalism Wanted elite group to keep much of power over Russia As Russia’s problems grew more serious, Bolsheviks gained more followers Czar Nicholas hoped World War I would cause people to rally to his leadership and overcome domestic problems Bolshevik Plan

Russia in World War I Preparations for War On the Battlefield
At the start of the war, Russia had an enormous army of some 6 million soldiers. Outbreak of fighting caused patriotism, rush to join military Otherwise Russia ill-prepared for war Factories unable to produce supplies quickly Transportation system weak Equipment outdated Preparations for War Many Russian officers advanced on connections, not ability Some initial successes on battlefield Losses soon outnumbered victories Millions of Russian soldiers wounded, killed during early battles On the Battlefield

Russian Weapons

Conditions Grow Worse Czar Nicholas II took personal command of forces, 1915 Move made little sense since he knew little of military matters Czar’s fate became linked with fate of Russian armed forces Bad situation grew worse under Czar’s command Russian army seemed doomed Central Powers were able to stop Russian offensive Destroyed Russian soldiers’ faith in leadership Army had little strength, even less confidence Conditions in Russia worse than on battlefield Food, goods scarce; peasants grew desperate Unpopular Czarina relied on Grigory Rasputin, viewed as corrupt, immoral Shaky support for Russian monarchy dipped even lower

How did World War I affect Russia?
Find the Main Idea How did World War I affect Russia? Answer(s): poor economic conditions, worker strikes, unpopular czar

The Russian Revolution
By the end of 1916, Russia was once again on the edge of a revolution. As the new year began and conditions in Russia continued to worsen, the Russian people clearly wanted a change. Citizens protested in streets of Petrograd, March 8, 1917 Police, soldiers refused to shoot rioters Government was helpless Revolution Begins Ordered legislature to disband His order defied Citizens, government, military refused to obey Czar Forced to abdicate, March 15, 1917 Czar Nicholas II March revolution known as February Revolution Russian calendar at time 13 days behind New calendar adopted, 1918 Calendar Change

The Russian Revolution
Provisional Government Duma established temporary government Led by Aleksandr Kerensky Many unhappy with new leadership Bolsheviks Led opposition to Kerensky’s provisional government Wanted out of WWI Wanted fundamental change in government and society Planned Marxist revolution Bolshevism Abolish private property Enforce social equality Later known as Marxism-Leninism Vladimir Lenin Bolshevik leader forced to live outside Russia Returned, April 1917 Germany hoped Lenin would weaken Russian war effort

Kerensky’s final offensive
The Bolshevik Revolution Kerensky’s final offensive Kerensky ordered final military offensive against Central Powers along Eastern Front, mid-1917 Drive failed and led to widespread rebellion in Russian army Weakened Russian army collapsed Conditions ideal for Lenin Armed Bolshevik factory workers, Red Guard, attacked provisional government, November 1917 Known as October Revolution Kerensky’s government collapsed after nearly bloodless struggle Bolshevik takeover Established radical Communist program (Socialism) Made private ownership of land illegal Land given to peasants Control of factories given to workers Lenin became leader

What were the main events of the Russian Revolution?
Summarize What were the main events of the Russian Revolution? Answer(s): the February Revolution and the Bolshevik Revolution

After the Revolution Lenin sought to end Russian involvement in World War I Sent Leon Trotsky to negotiate peace with Central Powers Russia’s army virtually powerless Trotsky had to accept agreement harsh on Russia Russia gained peace, gave up large parts of empire

Reaction to Treaty Civil War
Bolsheviks’ acceptance of peace treaty angered many Russians Bolsheviks’ opponents organized the White Army White Army included army leaders, political opponents, wealthy Russians opposed to Communist system Civil War White Army received military help from France, U.S. Civil War raged for 3 years between Lenin’s (Bolsheviks) Red Army and White Army Millions of Russians died in fighting, famines Bolsheviks finally triumphed, late 1920

New Economic Policy Collapsing economy Key points The Soviet Union
Brought on by civil war, pushed Russia to edge of total ruin Peasants, workers especially hard hit Lenin introduced New Economic Policy, 1921 Key points New Economic Policy permitted some capitalist activity Peasants could sell food at profit Tried to encourage badly needed food production The Soviet Union Russia reunited with several neighboring lands, became Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, dominated by Communist leadership Lenin’s death in 1924 led to struggle for control of Soviet Union

What events took place after the Russian Revolution?
Sequence What events took place after the Russian Revolution? Answer(s): The Bolsheviks formed the Red Army which fought against the White Army. The White Army was made up of army leaders, political opponents of the Bolsheviks, and wealthy Russians.

GROG Points Using your notes, fill in the interactive graphic organizer by identifying the causes and effects of the Russian Revolution.

The War Ends Chapter 26 Section 4 Pages

The War Ends Main Idea After several years of bloody stalemate-and the entry of the United States into the conflict-the Allied Powers finally prevailed. The peace, however, proved difficult to establish.

Bell Ringer 26.4 In a paragraph, explain why Lenin and the Bolsheviks took the actions they did between 1917 and Use details from the section to support your explanation. Be sure to include information about Bolshevik political and economic goals. Poor economics Unpopular czar Bolsheviks believed Marxism-Leninism would solve Russia problems

The United States Enters the War
German attacks on ships carrying Americans angered American people, leaders German plan to have Mexico attack U.S. also surfaced American Neutrality American public generally supported Allies U.S. remained neutral officially President Woodrow Wilson believed U.S. should stay out of affairs of other nations “He kept us out of war”

Trouble on the seas Lusitania
Remaining neutral not easy with Germany attacking civilian ships Attacks part of policy called unrestricted submarine warfare Any ship traveling in waters around Great Britain subject to attack by German U-boats Lusitania Initially U-boats attacked only military, merchant ships Passenger ship Lusitania sunk, 120 Americans among the dead Fearing U.S. entry into war, Germany agreed to stop attacking passenger ships Germany hoped to defeat Allied powers before U.S. entered war

Sinking of Lusitania

The Zimmermann Note Final push to war Contents of note Call for war
Repeated attacks on shipping brought U.S. close to war on Germany Discovery of Zimmermann Note final push, February 1917 Secret message from German diplomat Arthur Zimmermann to Mexico Contents of note Germany proposed Mexico attack the U.S. in return for U.S. land Promised Texas, Arizona and New Mexico, all once belonging to Mexico Hoped war with Mexico would keep U.S. out of war in Europe Call for war American public called for war against Germany U.S. had kinship, financial ties to Great Britain, Allied Powers U.S. entered war on side of Allied Powers, April 1917

Zimmerman Note

Identify Cause and Effect
How did unrestricted submarine warfare affect U.S. entry into the war? Answer(s): Germany broke its promise to the United States to stop attacking passenger ships.

The End of the Fighting A New German Offensive Assault on West
German leaders knew America entering the war would increase the strength of Allied Powers. Wanted to deal decisive blow to Allied Powers before U.S. had time to ready for war Opportunity came with Russia’s withdrawal from war Russia out by end of 1917 German troops no longer needed on Eastern front Could launch new offensive in the west A New German Offensive Launched major assault, March 1918 Made progress, advanced to within 40 miles of Paris High cost to Germany, lost 800,000 troops By June, 1918, U.S. troops arrived in Europe, added 100’s of thousand of troops Gave Allies hope, discouraged Germans Assault on West

German Collapse Balance of power shifted Germany a defeated force
Allied forces stopped German assault in Second Battle of the Marne Allies now on the offensive Allies used tanks, aircraft; gained huge amounts of territory Germany a defeated force Many Germans gave up without a fight Began to doubt their own power Great turmoil within German ranks End of war Allied forces broke through Hindenburg Line German leaders sought armistice with Allies Other Central Powers also admitted defeat, war ended

How did fighting come to an end?
Summarize How did fighting come to an end? Answer(s): The Allies used tanks and aircraft at the Marne, then broke through the Hindenburg Line, and Germans sought an armistice.

A Difficult Peace Although peace had come to the battlefield, the leaders of the war’s major countries still had to work out a formal peace agreement. This task would prove difficult. Wilson announced his vision of world peace, Fourteen Points Included reduction of weapons, right of people to choose own government Proposed organization of world nations, protect from aggression Wilson’s Vision Leaders of four major Allies all had different ideas of peace treaty French wanted to punish Germany, reparations for cost of war British wanted to punish Germany, but not weaken it Allied Goals Italy’s leader hoped to gain territory for his nation, but was disappointed to find himself mostly ignored by other leaders during peace talks.

The Treaty of Versailles
After difficult negotiations, the Allies finally compromised on the Treaty of Versailles. The treaty was named after the French Palace of Versailles, where the treaty signing took place. Germany forced to pay enormous amount of money to war’s victims Treaty also assessed responsibility for the war on Germany Key points Military size limited Return conquered lands to France, Russia German land taken to form Poland Other colonies given to various world powers Weaker Germany Furious, though no choice but to sign Reparations crippled economy Bitterness would affect German politics in years to come German reaction

Aftermath Other treaties Changes in Europe League of Nations
Organization of world governments proposed by Wilson Established by Treaty of Versailles Main goals Encourage cooperation, keep peace between nations Germany excluded U.S. did not ratify treaty, not member, weakened League Other treaties Separate agreements with all defeated Central Powers Made important changes to Europe Changes in Europe Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire lands broken apart Independent nations created: Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Turkey

The Middle East Changes in Middle East Zionist movement
Former Ottoman lands turned into mandates, territories to be ruled by European powers Syria, Lebanon became French mandates Palestine, Iraq became British mandates European nations supposed to control mandates only until they were able to govern selves Changes in Middle East Movement to create a Jewish state in the Middle East Balfour Declaration favored establishing Jewish state in Palestine Britain created Transjordan from Palestine Mandate Mandates eventually became colonies Zionist movement

Why was it so difficult to work out a peace agreement?
Summarize Why was it so difficult to work out a peace agreement? Answer(s): because each of the four major Allies had different goals

The Costs of the War Human Costs Economic Costs Political Changes
Nearly 9 million soldiers killed in battle Millions wounded, taken prisoner Almost an entire generation of young German, Russian, French men died, were wounded in war Deadly outbreak of influenza spread by returning soldiers killed some 50 million worldwide, spring 1918 War destroyed national economies Farmland, cities devastated Economic chaos in much of Europe Cost Europe role as dominant economic region of world U.S., Japan, others prospered during war Economic Costs World War I caused widespread political unrest Communist revolution in Russia Monarchies in Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire overthrown Political, social turmoil would shape world in years to come Political Changes

The Costs of the War Unrest in Colonies
Many colonists who fought in war heard noble words about importance of freedom, democracy After fighting for colonial rulers, expected rights for themselves Wartime sacrifices did not win new freedoms European powers split up lands controlled by Germans, Austro-Hungarians, Ottomans and redistributed them to other colonial powers

What were the costs of the war?
Summarize What were the costs of the war? Answer(s): Millions of people died or were wounded. Some nations' economies were devastated while others prospered. Some people enjoyed the benefits of freedom and democracy after the war, but others remained under the control of colonial rulers.

GROG Points Using your notes, fill in the interactive graphic organizer by explaining what you believe was the most significant effect of World War I.

Chapter 26 Section 1 Pages 779-782 The Great War Begins Chapter 26 Section 1 Pages 779-782.

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Chapter 26 Section 1 Pages 779-782 The Great War Begins Chapter 26 Section 1 Pages 779-782.

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