1. Chapter 12 ADULTHOOD Section 1: Young Adulthood
HOLT Psychology
4/17/2017
Chapter 12 ADULTHOOD
Section 1: Young Adulthood
Section 2: Middle Adulthood
Section 3: Late Adulthood
Section 4: Death and Dying
Chapter 12

2. Chapter 12

3. Young Adulthood (early adulthood)- 20-40 yrs old
Chapter 12
Stages of Adulthood
Young Adulthood (early adulthood) yrs old
Middle Adulthood (40-65 yrs)
Late Adulthood (65+)

4. Young Adulthood- Physical
Chapter 12
Young Adulthood- Physical
People reach physical peak in their 20s.
Faster, stronger, better coordinated
At height of cognitive powers
Health habits are important during this time.
Time to try new ways of doing things and relationship with parents start changing.

5. Young Adulthood goals in males and females
Chapter 12
Young Adulthood goals in males and females
Becoming independent and individuals (separate from parents and peers) was said to be a goal for young adult men (1994)
Women were less concerned with seeing themselves as separate, independent individuals. More interested in creating relationships. (Gilligan )
Generalization of women, remember some not all and this is changing as society changes.

6. Question: What are the characteristics and issues of young adulthood?
Chapter 12
Section 1: Young Adulthood
Question: What are the characteristics and issues of young adulthood?
CHARACTERISTICS AND ISSUES OF YOUNG ADULTHOOD
Reassessment of what course in life they have chosen
Urge to settle down when in their thirties
Formation of marriage and intimate relationships

7. Levinson’s stages of Adulthood
Chapter 12
Levinson’s stages of Adulthood
Levinson’s stages of Adulthood
Early Adult Transition (age 17-22)
Entering the Adult World (22-28)
Age 30 Transition (28-33)
Settling Down (33-40)
Mid-Life Transition (40-45)
Entering Middle Adulthood (45-50)
Late Adulthood (60+).

8. Chapter 12
Levinson’s stages

9. Chapter 12
Reassessment:
In 20’s, Choosing course in life that is exactly right for them, often reevaluate the decision in early 30’s. Is this really what they want?
In 30’s may start new careers.
Women might think about their biological clock ticking
Women might feel overwhelmed with work and home responsibilities
Can women have it all?

10. Mid to late 30’s– settling down or “planting roots”
Chapter 12
Settling Down
Mid to late 30’s– settling down or “planting roots”
Increase the financial and emotional investments they make in their live
Promotions and pay raises if employed long enough
Focused on advancing careers and gaining stability in personal lives

11. Developmental Tasks of Young Adulthood
Chapter 12
Developmental Tasks of Young Adulthood
Exploring adult role
Becoming independent
Developing intimate relationships
Adjusting to living with another person
Starting a family and becoming a parent
Assuming the responsibilities of managing a home
Beginning a career or job
Assuming some responsibilities in the larger community
Creating a social network of friends a coworkers

12. Marriage and Intimate relationships
Chapter 12
Marriage and Intimate relationships
Important part of adolescence and young adulthood is Identity
Who you are and what you stand for (values)
Identity brings personal stability
Erik Erikson’s key task for young adulthood is forming of relationships (intimacy v isolation)
Relationships can be difficult to sustain when one or both of the people involved lack personal stability.

13. Marriage and Intimate relationships
Chapter 12
Marriage and Intimate relationships
Intimate relationship- not necessarily a physical relationship, but a trusting, close friendship with another person in which one can be honest without fear or rejection.

14. Chapter 12
Marriage Census

15. Western cultures: Men played dominant role in marriage and in society
Chapter 12
History of Marriage
Western cultures: Men played dominant role in marriage and in society
Known as a Patriarchy system
This has changed and spouses are now more likely to be considered equal partners in marriage

16. Marital roles: still changing
Chapter 12
History of marriage
Marital roles: still changing
Traditional roles: husband is the breadwinner and wife is the homemaker
Now some couples share the roles or even reverse them.
Reasons to marry: Love did not become widespread until the 1800s.
1600s and 1700s—arranged marriages by parents, and would usually benefit both families.
Orderly transition of wealth from one family to another and from one generation to the next
Today central goals in most marriages are companionship and intimacy.
Feeling of security and opportunities to share experiences and ideas with someone special.
Most young adults strongly believe marriage should be a lifetime commitment.

17. What are qualities/factors you think you would look for in a spouse?
Chapter 12
Choosing a spouse
What are qualities/factors you think you would look for in a spouse?

18. Ethnicity/Race Level of education Social class Religion Chapter 12
Choosing Spouses
Ethnicity/Race
Level of education
Social class
Religion

19. Chapter 12 Choosing a spouse
In the US people tend to be like their mates in race and religion
A study finds that 8.4 percent of all current U.S. marriages are interracial, up from 3.2 percent in 1980.
Majority of marriages between people of the same religion
Marital partners also tend to be similar in physical attractiveness, attitudes, personality traits, and intelligence

20. Tend to choose partners who are near their own age
Chapter 12
Choosing a Spouse
Tend to choose partners who are near their own age
Meet in school, marry each other tend to be similar ages.
Most men are 2-5 years older than women they marry.
Being similar to your spouse does not necessarily mean your marriage will be more successful, than if you were opposites.

21. Chapter 12
Reading
Read and answer the questions from the reading “Making Relationships Work”

22. When Marriage doesn’t work… Many marriages end in divorce
Chapter 12
Divorce
When Marriage doesn’t work…
Many marriages end in divorce

23. Chapter 12
Divorce
Variety of factors caused the divorce rate to rise from
Obtaining a divorce easier now
Financial independence of women
Thought that marriage is easy and constantly gratifying.
Divorce has many financial and emotional costs for people involved
Property and income usually divided
Women usually granted custody of children
Fathers mostly pay for child support and alimony
Can be hard for people going through divorce, but can also be a time of growth and renewal.

24. Chapter 12 Children of Divorce
Divorce can be difficult for children of all ages
When both parents share an interest in their children, children tend to fair better
Children may develop low self esteem, anger, they may blame themselves for the divorce
May have trouble trusting the commitment of relationships as adults
Troubles may not stem from just the divorce but the changes that follow: moving, step-families, etc.

25. CHARACTERISTICS AND ISSUES FACED IN MIDDLE ADULTHOOD
Chapter 12
Section 2: Middle Adulthood
Question: What are the changes that occur and the issues that are faced in middle adulthood?
CHARACTERISTICS AND ISSUES FACED IN MIDDLE ADULTHOOD
Generativity – the ability to create, originate, and produce
Transition – a period when people’s perspectives change in a major way that usually occurs somewhere between the ages of 40–45
Empty-Nest Syndrome – the feelings of emptiness and loss mothers and fathers sometimes feel after their children have left home

26. Gradual decline- not obvious
Chapter 12
Middle Adulthood
40-65
Most people tend to lose the strength, coordination, and stamina that they once had in their 20’s.
Gradual decline- not obvious
People can work on their health and strength during this time

27. Developmental Tasks of Middle Adulthood
Chapter 12
Developmental Tasks of Middle Adulthood
Helping one’s children make the transition from life to the outside world
Strengthening one’s relationship with one’s spouse
Helping make the world a better place by assuming leadership roles in social and civic activities.
Achieving mastery in one’s career
Adjusting to the physical changes that occur in middle age
Making decisions about how to spend one’s “second adulthood”
Pursuing one’s passions
Coping with one’s ageing parents

28. Generativity– the ability to create, originate, and produce
Chapter 12
Generativity
According to Erikson- Generativity is the greatest challenge for middle-aged adults
Generativity– the ability to create, originate, and produce
Adds meaning to life and helps maintain and enhance self-esteem

29. Chapter 12 Mid-life Transition Midlife transition- 40-45
Lived about half their lives– years they have left
Turning point
Generational shift– losing a parent, now the head of the family
Women tend to go through mid-life transition around 35. Why?
People may acknowledge dreams they had when they were younger might not come true

30. Midlife Crisis or Age of Mastery
Chapter 12
Midlife Crisis or Age of Mastery
Midlife transition may trigger a second reassessment – Midlife Crisis
Can be a positive thing– new career, new hobbies, creativeness, new interests.
Middlescience: A period of searching that in some ways resembles adolescence
Search for a new identity or a Second adulthood

31. Contemporary research
Chapter 12
Empty Nest Syndrome
Empty-nest syndrome- the feelings of emptiness and loss mother and sometimes fathers supposedly feel after the children have left home to establish their own lives.
Contemporary research
Marriages and other parts of parents lives may become happier
Increased freedom and new opportunities

32. Chapter 12
Menopause
Menopause- end of menstruation usually occurs in a woman’s late 40’s or early 50’s.
Decrease in hormones- estrogen and progesterone
Women no longer produce egg cells that can be fertilized
Other body changes occur
Hormonal changes may cause discomfort
Hot flashes fatigue and mood swings
Psychological changes are often more important than the physical changes
May feel less attractive
Less of a woman

33. Men– decline in hormones around 40-50 years old Gradual drop off
Chapter 12
Menopause
Men– decline in hormones around years old
Gradual drop off
Loss of strength, weight gain, reduced energy, and decreased fertility
Could be from gradual loss of human growth hormone rather than a diminishing in testosterone.

34. Question: How do people’s lives change in late adulthood?
Chapter 12
Section 3: Late Adulthood
Question: How do people’s lives change in late adulthood?
HOW LIVES CHANGE IN LATE ADULTHOOD
Physical Changes – wrinkles, skin folds, decline in sense of smell, slower reflexes
Cognitive Changes – memory ability declines
Social Changes – new decisions such as retirement and where they should live

35. 65+ Physical changes Chapter 12 Late Adulthood Wrinkles
Decline of the senses
Reflexes and reactions become slower
Bone become more brittle (risk of falling)

36. Late Adulthood-why do people age?
Chapter 12
Late Adulthood-why do people age?
Why do some people seem to age slower than others?
2 theories
Programmed theories maintain that aging is a result of genetics
Cellular damage theories maintaining that aging occurs because the body’s cells become worn out and damaged

37. Some memory loss happens, but most isn’t serious
Chapter 12
Cognitive changes
The great majority of older people have no serious decline in intellectual skills
Some memory loss happens, but most isn’t serious
The more serious cognitive changes do occur dementia and Alzheimer’s disease

38. Dementia: serious loss of cognitive functioning
Chapter 12
Cognitive Changes
Dementia: serious loss of cognitive functioning
Major losses in memory
Speech problems
Unable to perform simple tasks
Dementia after 65 is Senile Dementia, most cases occur in people over 80.
Longer a person lives the more time dementia will show up.

39. Alzheimer’s Disease: most common cause of dementia
Chapter 12
Cognitive Changes
Alzheimer’s Disease: most common cause of dementia
Effects 10% of people in the US over age of 65
Alzheimer’s disease like other kinds of dementia is connected with aging but it is not a normal part of the aging process

40. Chapter 12
Alzheimer’s Disease

41. Causes of Alzheimer’s is unknown
Chapter 12
Cognitive changes
Causes of Alzheimer’s is unknown
Heredity
Viral infections
Aluminum poisoning

42. Retirement- about 65-70 yrs old
Chapter 12
Social Changes
Retirement- about yrs old
Grandparenthood- different from parenthood
Living arrangements

43. Chapter 12
Successful aging
Ego integrity– the belief that life is meaningful and worthwhile even when physical abilities are not what they used to be. Able to accept his or her approaching death as part of life.
Positive outlook : blaming aches and pains on old age vs specific causes. A study of 1400 people aged 70+: Those who blamed the problems on aging were more likely to die sooner

44. Supportive relationships
Chapter 12
Successful Aging
Financial security
Good health
Supportive relationships
All contribute to the likelihood of successful aging

45. Developmental Tasks of Late Adulthood
Chapter 12
Developmental Tasks of Late Adulthood
Adjusting to physical changes and keeping or becoming physically active
Maintaining concern about other people so that one does not become preoccupied with one’s own physical changes
Shifting interests from work to retirement or leisure activity
Adjusting to changes in financial status
Establishing fulfilling living arrangements
Learning to live with one’s husband or wife in retirement
Adjusting to the illness or the death of one’s spouse

46. Question: What are attitudes and issues related to death and dying?
Chapter 12
Section 4: Death and Dying
Question: What are attitudes and issues related to death and dying?
ATTITUDES AND ISSUES OF DEATH AND DYING
Hospice alternative, euthanasia, living will
The Funeral – usually reflects religious beliefs
Bereavement – the mourning process

47. In your composition book…
Chapter 12
In your composition book…
What is death?
What is your greatest fear about dying?
How would you want others to describe you after your death?

48. Stages of Dying-Kubler-Ross
Chapter 12
Stages of Dying-Kubler-Ross
Denial– ex: dying person might think, “it can’t be me. The drs. Diagnosis must be wrong
Anger– ex: People in this stage might think “it’s unfair. Why me?”
Bargaining –Ex “I’ll be kinder if I can just live to see my grandson’s graduation”
Depression – “the person may despair and wonder “What’s the use of living another day
Acceptance – The person reasons, “I’ve had a good life. I’m ready to die”

49. Euthanasia- greek “Good Death” Controversial
Chapter 12
Euthanasia- greek “Good Death”
Controversial
Living Will- legal document
Hosptial vs Hospice
Bereaved- mourning

50. Chapter 12

51. Marriage and Intimate Relationships
Chapter 12
Question: What stages are characteristic of young adulthood?
Young Adulthood
Reassessment
Settling Down
Marriage and Intimate Relationships