1. Where is Industry Distributed?
Industrialization:
Where is Industry Distributed?

2. Major Industrial Regions
Small minority of countries have become industrial economies
Four primary industrial regions have emerged all in the Northern Hemisphere
Western and Central Europe
Eastern North America
Russia and Ukraine
Eastern Asia

3. Four Industrial Regions
¾ of the world industrial production is in four regions:
NW Europe
Eastern Europe
Eastern North America
East Asia
Less than 1% of the world’s land is devoted to industry

4. Four Industrial Regions2 1 3 4

5. Europe Four Main Industrial Districts
United Kingdom
Rhine-Ruhr Valley
Mid-Rhine
Northern Italy
Became important because of their proximity to raw materials (coal and iron ore) and markets (large concentrations of wealthy consumers

6. United Kingdom
The Industrial Revolution originated in northern England and southern Scotland
Late 1900’s – industry was expanded by attracting high-tech industries
Japanese companies have built more factories in the United Kingdom than any other European country

7. Rhine-Ruhr Valley
Location – mostly in NW Germany, extends in to Belgium, France, and the Netherlands
Iron and Steel Manufacturing
Heavy-metal industries – locomotives, machinery, and armaments

8. Mid Rhine Western Europe’s second most important industrial center
SW Germany, NE France, and Luxembourg
German portion – lacks raw materials, but it is the center of the consumer market
The most central industrial area in the EU
The French portion – Alsace and Lorraine – contains Europe’s largest iron-ore field, and produces 2/3 of France’s steel

9. Northern Italy The Po River Basin Textile manufacturing – 1800s
Numerous workers willing to work for low wages
Inexpensive hydroelectricity from the Alps

10. Eastern Europe Industrial Districts
Central
St. Petersburg
The Volga
The Urals
Kuznetsk
Eastern Ukraine
Silesia 4 2 1 5 3 7 6

11. Central Industrial District
Russia’s oldest, centered around Moscow
Produces ¼ of the country’s output
Specialize in textiles (linen, cotton, wool, and silk), chemicals, and light industrial goods

12. St Petersburg Industrial District
Railways
Specializes in shipbuilding
Goods that meet the needs of the local market (processed food, textiles and chemicals)

13. The Volga Industrial District
Along the Volga and Kama Rivers
Grew during WWII when plants in the Central and Ukraine regions were occupied by the Germans
Largest petroleum and natural gas fields

14. The Urals Industrial District
The Ural Mountains contain more than 1,000 types of minerals
Iron, copper, potassium, bauxite (aluminum ore), and salt
Industrial development is hindered by a lack of nearby energy sources

15. Kuznetsk Industrial District
Russia’s most important manufacturing district east of the Ural Mountains
Contains the country’s largest reserves of coal and iron ore

16. Eastern Ukraine Industrial District
Donetsk coalfield – contains one of the world’s largest reserves of coal
Also – iron ore, manganese, and natural gas
Manganese

17. Silesia Southern Poland and northern Czech Republic
Near coalfields but iron ore must be imported

18. North America Concentration in the NE U.S. and SE Canada
The east coast was tied to Europe from its founding
By 1860 – The United States had become a major industrial nation, second to the United Kingdom

19. U.S. Industrial Areas New England Middle Atlantic Mohawk Valley
Pittsburg-Lake Erie
Western Great Lakes 3 1 4 5 2

20. New England
Developed in the early 19th century, beginning with cotton textiles
European immigrants
Now – relatively skilled but expensive labor

21. Middle Atlantic Between NYC and Washington D.C.
The largest U.S. market
Industries that depend on foreign markets or imported raw materials have located here: NYC, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and Wilmington DE
Other firms seek to be near the financial, communications, and entertainment industries (NYC)

22. Mohawk Valley
Upper New York state along the Hudson River and Erie Canal
Buffalo
Inexpensive, abundant electricity, generated by Niagara Falls has attracted aluminum, paper, and electrochemical industries

23. Pittsburg-Lake Erie
The area between Pittsburg and Cleveland is the nation’s most important steel producing area
Close to Appalachian coal
Minnesota became an important source of iron ore
Great Lakes

24. Western Great Lakes
Extends from Detroit and Toledo to Chicago and Milwaukee
Chicago
Dominant market between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts
Center for transportation networks
Automobile manufacturing

25. Canada’s Industrial Areas
St. Lawrence Valley-Ontario Peninsula
Hydroelectric power from Niagara Falls
Car manufacturing, aluminum, paper-making, flour mills, textile manufacturing, and sugar refining

26. East Asia
Heterogeneity – the most heterogeneous region in terms of level of development
Japan – one of the world’s wealthiest countries
China – second largest economy, behind the U.S.
China has abundant resources of coal, iron ore, and minerals, but the rest of East Asia has very few

27. East Asia Labor force = East Asia’s most abundant resource
Although industry was devastated after WWII, Japan became an industrial power in the 1950’s and 1960’s by offering low priced products
Highly skilled jobs
Japan is the world’s leading manufacturer of automobiles, ships, cameras, stereos, and TVs

28. East Asia Uneven Distribution
Japan’s industry is concentrated in the central region between Tokyo and Nagasaki
China’s manufacturing is clustered near the East Coast

29. Secondary Industrial Regions
South of the world’s primary industrial region
Industrial regions usually consist of several zones, each dominated by a particular kind of industry
Iron and steel zone
Coal mining in another
Textiles in a third
Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam share the economic growth in Pacific Realm
Most of the world’s industrial activity has traditionally been found in developed countries of the midlatitudes

30. Maquiladora Secondary manufacturing zone
Developed in northern Mexico near border with US
Where manufactured products could be sent to US free of import tariffs
US companies established plants designated to transform imported, day free components or raw material in finished products
Owned by US
Young women= cheaper wages

31. Maquiladora Continued
Factory that imports material and equipment on a duty-free and tariff-free basis for manufacturing and re-exports the assembled product
Variety of industries
Electronics, transportation, textiles, machinery
NAFTA
tax-free
Industry expanded more rapidly
Dense number of maquiladoras
Pollution
Hazardous waste
Lack proper waste management facilities and the ability to clean up disposal sites
Hazardous waste illegally disposed