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INDUSTRIAL GEOGRAPHY
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The “Pre-industrial” World
Industrial development occurred before the Industrial Revolution India and China European commercial companies
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The Industrial Revolution
Growing European domestic markets & a lacking labor force Increased transportation and communications Steam-power for ocean-going vessels
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The Location Decision Secondary industries are less dependent on resource location Distance decay Weber's model: the “least cost theory” Minimization of three critical expenses Transportation costs Labor costs Agglomeration
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Factors of Industrial Location
Market mechanism and relationships between supply and demand Raw materials Transportation costs affect industry location Labor Cost of labor still looms large in location of industry
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Factors of Industrial Location
Transportation Crucial factor Infrastructure All services offered by an area or city
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Factors of Industrial Location
Energy Other factors Clustering Political stability Taxation policies Environmental conditions
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RESOURCE GEOGRAPHY
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Major Industrial Regions
Only a few countries are major industrial economies Mapping industrial concentrations bring out certain primary industrial regions Each consists of one or more core areas
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First-round Industrialization: Through World War I
Beginning global industrial patterns in Europe Changed between late 18th & early 20th centuries Britain’s colonial empire Industrial Revolution spread to the mainland Belgium Were largely transformed between the late-eighteenth and early-twentieth centuries by diffusion of the Industrial Revolution
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Paris German Ruhr German Saxony German Silesia
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First-round Industrialization: Through World War I
Manufacturing in North America Began in New England Began early in New York Natural resources Developed transportation systems Coal reserves widely spread Catching up with Europe ~end of WW I
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Mid-20th Century Industrialization
Oil and Gas US oil & gas consumption = high per capita Dependence on external fuel supplies affects 3 of 4 world industrial regions Largest oil & gas reserves? Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, and Russia
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Mid-20th Century Industrialization
North America Escaped industrial destruction of WW I Had a new global political stature Highly-developed infrastructure and workforce Emerged from Depression with industrial dominance
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Mid-20th Century Industrialization
Europe Rapid post-WW I recovery The Rühr became Europe’s greatest industrial complex Saxony anchored by Leipzig and Dresden Silesia World War II destroyed lots of its infrastructure Late 1950s rebound European colonial empires were disintegrating
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Mid-20th Century Industrialization
The former Soviet Union Ukraine Would have probably developed anyway... St. Petersburg (Leningrad) The Volga began development in mid-1930s The Volga post-World War II Urals region Siberia Port of Vladivostok New port of Nakhodka
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Mid-20th Century Industrialization
Eastern Asia Japan Japan’s four key industrial districts The Kanto Plain The Kansai District The Kitakyushu District The Toyama District
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China Has a substantial resource base The Northeast District
The Northen Industrial District Shanghai and the Chang (Yangzi) District The Guangdong District
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Mid-20th Century Industrialization
The larger context Industrialization in the Northern Hemisphere throughout resource-rich zone Industrial concentration was spotty elsewhere Northern Hemisphere Industrial Zone Other areas have significant resources, but lack population & technology
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The Late 20th Century and Beyond
The “Four Tigers” South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore
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The Late 20th Century and Beyond
Other parts of the Pacific Rim China’s coastal provinces East Asia becoming the world’s most productive industrial cluster China’s growing economy The Three Gorges Dam will change the economic and environmental landscape Northeast District has become China’s rustbelt Russia’s Far East is enjoying industrial growth
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The Late 20th Century and Beyond
Secondary industrial regions Only Brazil and Mexico have substantial manufacturing industries The maquiladora district
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The Late 20th Century and Beyond
Secondary industrial regions The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) The Free Trade Area of the Americas Thoughts?? Implications?? Industrial development in India
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Discussion Question So far, in 21st century, United States’ reliance on foreign energy resources is greater than in the 1970s. Why?
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