1. Hawk Hook Review Competition 3/12
Define as many of the following terms as you can…Complete silence or you are out of the competition! Winner gets a 5 pt ec coupon.
Cartography
Population Pyramid
Geographic Information Systems
Rust Belt
Sun Belt
Globalization
Ethnic Enclaves
Site
Nationality
Situation
Gross Domestic Product Per Capita
Vernacular Region
Population Cartogram
Rostow’s Development Model (give the name of each stage order counts)
Distance Decay
Demography
Physiological Density
Economic Sectors of the Economy (Name and describe the jobs of each)
Agricultural Density
Dependency ratio

2. Development: Industrialization
The growth and diffusion of industrialization, roles of technology and energy, the evolution of economic cores and peripheries, and the effects of location on industrial development.

3. Factors of Industrial Development
The why of Industrial Development: Situation and Site

4. Weber Model: Situation Factors
Companies want locations that minimize cost of transporting materials to factories and finished products to consumers
Where would the optimal situation be?

5. Weber:Proximity to Inputs
Bulk-reducing industries: industries where the final product weighs less than the inputs so factories located closer to input materials
Example: Steel Industry in US

6. Evolution of US Steel: Where and Why 19th Century
Original Steel Mills: Mid 19th Century
Pittsburgh: Iron ore and coal from App Mts.
Shift Westward towards Ohio, Chicago, Detroit on Lake Erie: Late 19th Century
Iron ore found in Mesabi Range of S. Minnesota
Moved farther west towards Mesabi Range: Turn of the Century
New production methods meant they used more iron in comparison to coal

7. Evolution of US Steel: Where and Why 20th Century
Moved to Eastern and Western Coastal Cities (Baltimore, LA, NJ): Early 1900’s
Why might they move their factories to these areas?
Factories Closing (left around Lake Michigan and East Coast)
Mostly use scrap metal as input today not iron ore and coal

8. Weber:Proximity to Markets
Industries desiring to be closer to markets than inputs
Bulk-gaining: gains volume/weight after production (soda bottling…why?)
Fabricated metals and machinery: what you make the steel, etc. into
Perishable Products: Like what? Think outside food as well.

9. Weber:Agglomeration
Idea that you can drive down costs of production by clustering like types of businesses
Advantages
Drive down cost of transporting materials if suppliers and services in same area
Attracts more consumers who are more likely to go to one area with many options (like a mall verses stores across town)
Attracts higher skilled labor who will relocate to one area with many job opportunities in their field
Best Example: Silicon Valley, California
Suppliers, and Services related to computer field
Suppliers: Parts and creators of computers and computer chips
Services: Apple, Google, Facebook, IBM, HP (to name a few) all have headquarters there

10. Site Factors
Takes cost of labor, land, and capital into consideration (want cheapest of each)

11. Labor
Labor-intensive Industries: industries where the cost of labor is a high percentage of production costs
The more labor intensive, the more likely it will be located in a low-wage area

12. Example of Labor Intensive Industry: Textiles
Spinning (making yarn): highly labor intensive
Where would it be located?
¾ in LDCs
Weaving (fabric making): even more labor intensive
86% in LDCs (China 1/2) High shipping costs offset by cheap labor

13. Land
Look at availability of natural (minerals, ENERGY, climate) and human resources (attractions: sports, cultural facilities, cost of living)
Where do industries get energy from?
Traditionally near rivers or forests to generate energy
Later coalfields
(often near mountains)

14. Example of Energy effecting location: Aluminum Industry
Requires intense energy to create aluminum from bauxite ore
Always located near an inexpensive hydroelectric power supply
Ex: Goose Creek, SC (Where is this plant located?)

15. Capital Need to borrow money from banks to start new businesses
Why might this be a reason why most industrial regions not located in LDCs?
Ex: Silicon Valley, California
#1 region for high-tech industries because banks more willing to loan money to people seeking to open these types of businesses despite the risk

16. Distribution of industry

17. Overview Industrial Cores ¾ of industry in 4 areas Northwestern Europe
Eastern Europe
Eastern North America
East Asia

18. Northwestern European Industrial Regions

19. Overview
Important to industry due to proximity to raw materials (coal and iron ore) and large markets
4 sub regions
United Kingdom
Rhine-Ruhr Valley
Mid-Rhine
Northern Italy

20. United Kingdom Historical Trends
The UK is the hearth for what world changing event?
Industrial Revolution
Increased mechanization, increasing productivity and ultimately standard of living
Decline after WWII

21. United Kingdom Cont’ Current Trends
Boost in high-tech industries (increase in Japanese companies)
Why do they want to come in comparison to other European nations?
Low business taxes
Few government regulations
No government monopolies
High tech computers

22. Rhine-Ruhr Valley Geography
Located in NW Germany, Belgium, S Netherlands, and NE France
Heart: Rhine and Ruhr Rivers
Rotterdam, mouth of Rhine, Europe’s busiest port
Flow of Rivers spreads industry all over area, not clustered in few cities
Coalfields: concentration of iron and steel manufacturing

23. Rhine-Ruhr Valley Cont’
Historical Trends
Political Instability delayed diffusion of Industrialization until 19th century
Railway construction disrupted (Why would this have an effect on development?)

24. Mid-Rhine Geography SW Germany, NE France, and Luxembourg
Lacks raw materials except for steel production in the Alsace Lorraine region of France and Luxembourg
BUT center of large market
Which market?

25. Mid-Rhine Cont’ Historical Trends Current Trends
Center of Western German commerce after WWII
Current Trends
Germany:
Mercedes Benz,
pharmaceuticals,
fibers, dyes,

26. Northern Italy Po River Basin of Northern Italy 2 industrial assets:
1/5 of Italy’s land, ½ its pop., 2/3 of its industry
2 industrial assets:
Numerous workers willing to accept low wages
Inexpensive Hydroelectricity from Alps
How attractive is this area?

27. Eastern European Industrial Regions

28. Overview
7 Industrial Districts: 5 in Russia, 2 in former Soviet Block nations
Central (Moscow), St. Petersburg, Volga (along Volga and Kama rivers), Ural (Ural Mountains), Kuznetsk, Eastern Ukraine, Silesia

29. Central Industrial District
Moscow: Capital and largest city
No resources
Why would it produce a fourth of Russia’s industrial output?

30. St. Petersburg District
One of E Europe’s earliest nodes of industry.
What situational factor makes it the natural choice for one of the first industrial regions?
Because of this situation what products may it specialize in?

31. Volga District Along Volga and Kama Rivers
Grew during WWII when others occupied by Germans
Largest petroleum and natural gas fields

32. Ural District Along Ural Mountains
Richest deposit of various minerals in world
Development hindered by distance to energy

33. Kuznetsk District
East of Urals
Coal and Iron ore

34. Eastern Ukraine
Home to Donetsk Coalfield: 1 of the world’s largest coal reserves
Also iron ore and natural gas

35. Silesia Southern Poland, Northern Czech Republic Steel production
Near coal fields
Imports Iron ore

36. Chief Check 3/7
Analyze these regions in terms of their site and situation. From this information what do you believe are 3 prerequisites for industrialization? List these factors.
Of these 3, which do you think is most important in terms of industrial development, use one region from your notes to support your answer.

37. North America

38. Overview 6 sub regions: 5 in US, 1 in Canada New England
Middle Atlantic
Mohawk Valley
Pittsburgh-Lake Erie
Western Great Lakes
St. Lawrence Valley

39. US Overview
Where do you believe the majority of the industry has been traditionally located within this region (including Canada)?
Referred to as the manufacturing belt
Factors leading to development
Why would it historically make sense?
Raw materials
Transportation (canals on G Lakes, rivers) trains, highways

40. New England
Previous center for cotton textiles (where did the cotton come from?)
Population grew because of what?
What type of labor is found in the NE today? How will this effect industry in the area?

41. Middle Atlantic Between NY and Washington Many ports (NYC largest)
Attracts industries requiring importing or exporting as well as
Largest US market
Attracts heavy industry (steel, pharmaceuticals, etc) that need many consumers

42. Mohawk Valley Upper NY along Hudson River and Erie Canal
Buffalo, NY center for steel and food processing
Great site:
Abundant electricity from Niagara falls

43. Pittsburgh-Lake Erie Why is Pittsburgh called the Steelers?
This region’s proximity to what physical feature makes it the perfect place for steel production?

44. Western Great Lakes
Toledo, Ohio to Detroit, Michigan; Chicago, Illinois to Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Dominant market center btwn Atlantic and Pacific
Chicago: hub of transportation system (water, rail, truck, and air)…Why all 4? Why Chicago?
In light of this fact, what Industry from this area makes more sense?

45. St. Lawrence Valley, Canada
Ontario Peninsula
Canada’s population cluster as well
Due to its location, what site benefit does this region share with the Mohawk Valley?

46. East Asia

47. Overview East Asia’s site and situation
Shortage of resources
Isolated from world markets
So what does it have that makes it an industrial powerhouse??
PEOPLE!!!

48. Japan Review: Why did Japan expand during the 50’s and 60’s?
Manufacturing concentrated around 2 central areas of the country: Tokyo and Osaka
Tokyo
Osaka

49. Manufacturing in China
Concentrated on Eastern Coastal Portion of Country
Produces the second largest amount of manufactured products
Largest population employed in the secondary sector
Manufacturing in China

50. Changing Industrial Regions
Shifts in the MDCs

51. Intraregional shifts in the MDCs
What is the definition of intraregional migration?
According to this definition where are factories shifting to?
From core (city) to periphery (suburb or rural area)

52. Intraregional shifts in the MDCs
Reasons
SPACE! How do people in the cities have to build?
1 Floor factories more efficient
Land Cheaper
Shift from rail to truck transportation
Need easy access to highways now not railway hubs

53. Interregional shifts in the MDCs ~ US
Where has Industry moved to?
Rust Belt to Sun Belt (South and Westward)
New areas: Gulf Coast (oil refining)
Los Angeles (textiles, food processing, furniture production) Why LA?

54. Interregional Shifts in the MDCs ~ US
Reasons:
Government policies spread infrastructure and energy (electricity) to south
Right-to-work laws: people cannot be forced to join a union as a condition of employment
Makes unionization difficult

55. Interregional Shifts in the MDCs ~ W Europe
European Union’s involvement:
Policies encourage growth in poor areas, discourage growth in rich areas (Ex. Spain)

56. Changing Industrial Regions
New Industrial Regions

57. Shift from MDCs-LDCs: China
1990 Policy Changes: from isolationist to encouraging transnational corporations (dismantle tariffs etc)
Where is wealth clustered?

58. Shift from MDCs-LDCs: Latin America
Maquiladora Plants
From the article what is a maquiladora?
Why does Bencomo believe her job is better than her husband’s?
NAFTA
What does
this stand for?
What does it
do?

59. Shifts from MDCs-LDCs: Competition
Competition btwn Latin America and Asia
Why is Latin America’s situation better for international business?
Despite this advantage, why is Asia still causing many Latin American factories to shutdown?

60. Shift from MDCs-LDCs: “Central” Europe
Shift from NW Europe to areas W of Germany/E of Russia
What would be the benefit of this shift?

61. New International Division of Labor
New International Division of Labor: Due to cheaper/easier transportation: transnational corporations shift parts of production requiring little skill to cheap labor in LDCs while keeping highly skilled production in high-wage MDCs

62. Outsourcing
Opposite of traditional vertical integration: manufacturers controlled every aspect of production
Outsourcing: turns certain parts of production over to independent suppliers
Economic Effects: Manufacturing more dispersed (find optimal location to produce every single item)
Social Effects: Jobs go to the lowest bidder

63. Outsourcing Example: Auto Industry
Ford, Chevrolet, Nissan, etc. all used to produce every aspect of the car from its bolts to seatbelts to engine, etc.
Now different companies in charge of producing just one or two items which are then shipped to another place for assembly

64. Attractions to Traditional Regions: Labor
What type of labor exists in NE today?
Some companies attracted to high-skilled labor
Motor Vehicles and Computer Manufacturing

65. Fordist Production
Fordist (mass production): traditional method of production
Shifting to Post Fordist (lean/flexible production)
Focus on:
Team Building: teams independently discover how to perform tasks
Problem Solving: Groups consult all parties involved then a consensus is constructed to decide the punishment
Leveling: all treated equally

66. Attractions to Traditional Regions: Markets
Just-in-Time Delivery: inputs are expected to arrive at factories moments before being used
Cuts down on costs to store materials until being used
Means these factories must be close to their inputs to ensure quick turn-a-round

67. Vulnerability of Just-in- Time Delivery
What would a strike do to this system? Natural disaster?

68. MDCS: Socioeconomic effects of globalization of the economy
Unemployment of Middle Class: loss of jobs in secondary sector
must be reeducated to enter tertiary or quaternary positions
Increased Consumerism: swell in retail jobs but often part-time non benefit work
Regional Migration (where to where?)

69. LDCS: Socioeconomic effects of globalization of the economy
Increased Employment and Migration: positive addition to personal and national income causing people to move to areas where jobs are
China: to Coastal Industrial cities
Mexico: border towns with Maquiladoras
Environmental Degradation: Tragedy of the Commons - in order to develop must use many natural resources and create levels of pollution
Cultural Change: westernization “Americanization”