1. Social Structure and Social Interaction Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program 11 Essentials of Sociology Sociology 9 th Edition Chapter 4: Social Structure and Social Interaction

2. Social Structure and Social Interaction Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.  Two Levels of Sociological Analysis  Components of the Macrosociological Perspective  Societies and their Transformation  What Holds Society Together?  Components of the Microsociological Perspective 22 Chapter Overview

3. Social Structure and Social Interaction Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macrosociology  Large-Scale Features of Social Life Microsociology  Focus on Social Interaction 33 Two Levels of Sociological Analysis

4. Social Structure and Social Interaction Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.  Sociological Significance of Social Structure  Guides Our Behavior  Behavior Decided by Location in Social Structure  Culture  Group’s Language, Beliefs, Values, Behaviors, Gestures  Material Objects 44 The Macrosociological Perspective

5. Social Structure and Social Interaction Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.  Social Class Divides People by… 1.Income 2.Education 3.Occupational Prestige 55 The Macrosociological Perspective

6. Social Structure and Social Interaction Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.  Social Status – Position a person occupies  Ascribed –a status one is born with  Achieved –a status one earns  Master Status-cuts across all other statuses one holds  Status Set-all of the statuses one holds 66 The Macrosociological Perspective

7. Social Structure and Social Interaction Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.  Roles – Behaviors associated with ones status  You Occupy a Status  You Play a Role  Ones role will change as ones status changes 77 The Macrosociological Perspective

8. Social Structure and Social Interaction Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.  Groups – People Who Regularly and Consciously Interact and think of themselves as belonging together  Social Institutions – Means Developed by Societies to Meet Basic Needs The more industrialized the society the more formal the institution 88 The Macrosociological Perspective

9. Social Structure and Social Interaction Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Hunting and Gathering Societies-few social divisions and little inequality. Today, only about 300 hunter-gathering groups exist today Pastoral and Horticultural Societies-based on the pasturing of animals, division of labor developed as well as social inequality 99 Societies and Their Transformation

10. Social Structure and Social Interaction Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Agricultural Societies-people developed cities and what is known as culture; sometimes referred to as the “dawn of civilization”. Industrial Societies-people flocked to the cities and the pattern of growing inequality was reversed Postindustrial Societies-basic components are information and services  10 Societies and Their Transformation

11. Social Structure and Social Interaction Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Durkheim Early on, people were connected by Mechanical solidarity Organic solidarity is present today Tonnies Gemeinschaft (close- knit, personal) societies once existed Today, we live in a Gesellschaft (impersonal) society  11 What Holds Society Together?

12. Social Structure and Social Interaction Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.  12 Microsociological Perspective: Social Interaction in Everyday Life Microsociological Perspective: Social Interaction in Everyday Life

13. Social Structure and Social Interaction Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Stereotypes – Assumptions about the characteristics of certain individuals which leads to generalizations  13 The Microsociological Perspective Figure 4.5 How Self-Fulfilling Stereotypes Work Source: By the author.

14. Social Structure and Social Interaction Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Personal Space (Edward Hall) – a invisible bubble by which we surround ourselves 4 Levels:  Intimate  Personal  Social  Public  14 The Microsociological Perspective

15. Social Structure and Social Interaction Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Erving Goffman  Dramaturgy – Life is like a play  Impression Management – Face Saving Behavior  Front and Back Stages  15 The Microsociological Perspective

16. Social Structure and Social Interaction Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Role Conflict – a conflict between two separate roles The more roles you play, the more conflict you may experience Role Strain – a strain within the same role Dramaturgy (Role Conflict and Role Strain)  16 Dramaturgy (Role Conflict and Role Strain)

17. Social Structure and Social Interaction Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.  17 Figure 4.6 Role Strain and Role Conflict Source: By the author.

18. Social Structure and Social Interaction Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Ethnomethodology - The study of how people use background assumptions to get through everyday life Harold Garfinkle’s Experiments  18 The Microsociological Perspective

19. Social Structure and Social Interaction Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Thomas Theorem – W.I. Thomas Our behavior depends not on the objective but on the subjective interpretation of reality.  We behave according to the way we perceive the world  19 The Microsociological Perspective