1. Reducing Your Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer

2. Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
Cardiovascular disease describes diseases of the heart and blood vessels.
High blood pressure
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
Heart failure
Stroke
Congenital defects
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3. Understanding the Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system includes the heart, arteries, arterioles (small arteries), veins, venules (small veins), and capillaries (minute blood vessels).
Atria are the heart's two upper chambers, which receive blood.
Ventricles are the heart's two lower chambers, which pump blood through the blood vessels.
Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart except for the pulmonary arteries, which carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
Arterioles are branches of arteries.
Veins carry blood back to the heart from other regions of the body.
Venules are branches of veins.
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4. The Heart: A Mighty Machine
Components
Four chambers
Two upper chambers are called atria.
Two lower chambers are called ventricles.
Valves regulate the flow of blood.
Heart Function
Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium.
From the right atrium, blood travels to the right ventricle.
Blood is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs, where it receives oxygen.
Oxygenated blood from the lungs returns to the left atrium of heart.
Blood from the left atrium moves into the left ventricle.
The left ventricle pumps blood through the aorta to all body parts.
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5. Cardiovascular Disease
Atherosclerosis (CAD— coronary artery disease)
Arteriosclerosis
Hyperlipidemia
Inflammatory risk
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
Atherosclerosis occurring in the lower extremities, such as in the feet, calves, or legs, or in the arms
Plaque is the buildup of deposits in the arteries.
Ischemia is a reduced supply of oxygen to a body part or organ.
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6. Cardiovascular Diseases
Angina Pectoris
Ischemia—condition that reduces the heart's blood and oxygen supply
People with ischemia often suffer angina pectoris, or chest pain and pressure.
Treatments include calcium channel blockers or beta-blockers.
Arrhythmias
Irregularity in heart rhythm
Tachycardia is an abnormally fast heartbeat.
Bradycardia is an abnormally slow heartbeat.
Fibrillation, sporadic, quivering pattern
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7. Cardiovascular Diseases
Heart Failure
Also known as congestive heart failure, there are about 670,000 new cases each year.
Underlying causes include high blood pressure, rheumatic fever, pneumonia, heart attack, or other CVD problems.
Stroke (cerebrovascular accident)
Seven million Americans suffer strokes every year; almost 136,000 people die each year from strokes.
Blood supply to brain is interrupted.
Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) are brief interruptions of the blood supply to the brain that cause temporary impairment.
Symptoms include dizziness, weakness, temporary paralysis or numbness in face or other regions, temporary memory loss, blurred vision, slurred speech, and others.
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8. Hypertension
Sustained high blood pressure is often called the "silent killer" because it has few symptoms.
One in three adults has higher than optimal blood pressure.
Measured by systolic pressure, the upper number, indicating pressure on the walls of the arteries when the heart contracts, and diastolic pressure, the lower number that measures pressure on arterial walls during the relaxation phase of heart activity.
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9. Reducing Your CVD Risks
Modifiable Risks
Avoid tobacco.
Cut back on saturated fats and cholesterol.
Reduce low-density lipoproteins (LDL).
Increase high-density lipoproteins (HDL).
Reduce triglycerides.
Maintain a healthy weight.
Exercise regularly.
Control diabetes.
Control blood pressure.
Manage stress.
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10. Bypass Surgery and Angioplasty
Coronary bypass surgery helps patients who suffer from coronary blockages or heart attacks.
In bypass surgery, a blood vessel is taken from another site in the patient's body and implanted to "bypass" blocked coronary arteries.
Angioplasty uses a balloon to open the artery to allow blood to flow more freely.
Angioplasty carries fewer risks and may be more effective in selected cases than bypass surgery.
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11. Can Aspirin Help Heart Disease?
Low doses of aspirin (75 to 81 mg) may reduce the risk of heart attack in men aged 45–79 and reduce the risk of stroke in women aged 55–79.
Aspirin has blood-thinning properties.
Can cause bleeding ulcers, ringing in the ears, brain bleeding, increased surgical bleeding risks, and other gastrointestinal issues.
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12. Cancer: An Overview
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States
Five-year survival rates are up dramatically
Each year, 1.6 million new cases are diagnosed; 68% will be alive 5 years from now.
Remission means the cancer is responding to treatment and under control.
Patients who are cured show no subsequent cancer in their bodies and can expect to live a long and productive life.
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13. What Is Cancer?
Uncontrolled growth and abnormal cellular development results in a neoplasm.
Benign tumors are harmless and consist of ordinary-looking cells enclosed in a fibrous shell or capsule that prevents them from spreading.
Malignant tumors are not enclosed in a shell and can spread to other organs in a process called metastasis. Malignant cells disrupt RNA and DNA, producing mutant cells.
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14. Genetic and Physiological Risks
What Causes Cancer?
Lifestyle Risks
Tobacco use
Poor nutrition, physical inactivity, and obesity
Stress and psychosocial risks
Genetic and Physiological Risks
Genetic predisposition
Oncogenes—cancer-causing genes that typically stay dormant but can be activated
Hereditary disposition
Reproductive and Hormonal Risks
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15. Occupational and Environmental Risks
What Causes Cancer?
Occupational and Environmental Risks
Exposure to asbestos, nickel, chromate, benzene, arsenic, and vinyl chloride
Exposure to radioactive substances
Radiation
Chemicals in foods
Infectious Diseases and Cancer
Hepatitis B and hepatitis C can cause liver cancer
Human papillomavirus can cause cervical cancer
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16. Types of Cancer Categories of Cancer Carcinomas Sarcomas Lymphomas
Leukemias
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17. Smoking, including secondhand smoke, is a primary risk factor.
Lung Cancer
Symptoms include a persistent cough, blood-streaked sputum, chest pain, and recurrent attacks of pneumonia or bronchitis.
Treatment depends on stage and includes surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.
If the cancer is localized, surgery is the treatment of choice.
Smoking, including secondhand smoke, is a primary risk factor.
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18. Breast Cancer Detection:
The earliest signs can be detected with mammograms, even before lumps are felt.
Regular self-examinations are key.
Symptoms include lumps, thickening, dimpling, skin irritation, distortion, nipple discharge, tenderness, etc.
Treatments range from mastectomy to various combinations of radiation and chemotherapy.
Selective estrogen-receptor modulators (SERMs)
Risk increases with age, also includes family history of breast cancer, periods that began early and ended late in life, never having children, and sudden weight gain.
Regular exercise can help prevent breast cancer.
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19. Colon and Rectal Cancer
Third most common cancer in men and women
Risk factors include older age, obesity, family history, and colitis.
Warning signals include blood in the stool and rectal bleeding.
Screening tests include colonoscopy and barrier enemas.
Treatment consists of radiation or surgery.
Regular exercise, a high fruit- and plant-based diet, healthy weight, and moderate alcohol intake appear to be protective.
About 90% of colorectal cancers are preventable.
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20. Skin Cancer Affects over 1 million people every year
Treatable: basal or squamous
Virulent: malignant melanoma
Ninety percent of skin cancers are treated with surgery. Radiation, electrodesiccation, and cryosurgery are also used.
ABCD rule about melanoma
Asymmetry
Border irregularity
Color
Diameter
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21. Types of Skin Cancers
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22. Risk Factors for Skin Cancer
Having fair skin; blonde, red, or light brown hair; blue, green, or grey eyes
Always burning before tanning, or burning or peeling easily
Using no or low sun protection sunscreen or expired sunscreen
Previous skin cancer or family history
Severe sunburns during childhood
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23. Prostate Cancer
Most frequently diagnosed cancer in American males today, excluding skin cancer, and is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in men after lung cancer.
Symptoms include weak or interrupted urine flow, difficulty starting or stopping urination; urge to urinate frequently, blood in urine or pain in low back, pelvis, or thighs. Many men do not have symptoms in early stages.
Risk factors include age, race, and family history.
Eating more fruit and vegetables may help with lowering risk.
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24. Ovarian Cancer Fifth leading cause of death in women
Most common symptom is enlargement of the abdomen.
Other symptoms include fatigue, pain during intercourse, unexplained weight loss, and changes in bowel or bladder habits.
Risk factors include family history, no children, and use of fertility drugs.
Prevention: using birth control pills, low-fat diet, having multiple children, and regular exercise
Having an annual pelvic exam is also important.
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25. Other Types of Cancer Cervical and Endometrial (Uterine) Cancer
Regular Pap tests are crucial for early detection
Risk: early onset of intercourse; infection with human papillomavirus
Warning: abnormal bleeding
Testicular Cancer
Ages 15 to 35 are at the greatest risk.
Cause is unknown.
Men with undescended testicles appear to be at the greatest risk.
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26. Detecting Cancer
The earlier the cancer is diagnosed, the better prospect there is for survival.
Practice self-exam and checkups
Several high-tech tools have been developed to help detect cancer
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Computerized axial tomography scanning (CT scan)
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27. Surgery to remove tumor Chemotherapy Radiotherapy
Cancer Treatments
Surgery to remove tumor
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
Researching genes and cell mutations
Immunotherapy
Cancer-fighting vaccines
Stem cell research
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