1. 12 PowerPoint ® Lecture Outlines prepared by Dr. Lana Zinger, QCC  CUNY Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer

2. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Cardiovascular Disease: An Epidemiological Overview  Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Cardiovascular disease is the cause of 37 percent of all deaths in the United States. For all ages combined, CVD is the leading cause of death. More than 80 million Americans—1 out of every 3 adults—will have some type of CVD. The best defense against CVD is to prevent it from developing in the first place.  Do you know someone who has had a heart problem?

3. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Prevalence of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) in Adults Aged 20 and Older by Age and Sex

4. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Understanding the Cardiovascular System  The Heart: A Mighty Machine Four chambers Two upper chambers are called atria Two lower chambers are called ventricles Valves regulate the flow of blood.

5. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Blood Flow within the Heart

6. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Understanding the Cardiovascular System  Heart Function Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium From the right atrium, blood travels to the right ventricle Blood is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs, where it receives oxygen Oxygenated blood from the lungs returns to the left atrium of heart Blood from the left atrium moves into the left ventricle The left ventricle pumps blood through the aorta to all body parts

7. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Percentage Breakdown of Deaths from Cardiovascular Disease in the United States

8. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Cardiovascular Disease  Atherosclerosis (CAD— coronary artery disease) Arteriosclerosis Hyperlipidemia Inflammatory risk Peripheral artery disease (PAD)  Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Greatest killer Myocardial infarction (MI) or heart attack

9. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease

10. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Cardiovascular Disease  Angina Pectoris Ischemia—condition that reduces the heart’s blood and oxygen supply People with ischemia often suffer angina pectoris, or chest pain and pressure. Treatments include calcium channel blockers or beta- blockers  Arrhythmias Irregularity in heart rhythm Fibrillation Over 4 million Americans have experienced some type of arrhythmia

11. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Cardiovascular Disease  Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) Affects over 5 million Americans Single most frequent cause of hospitalization in United States  Stroke 6.5 million Americans suffer strokes every year Blood supply to brain is interrupted Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) are brief interruptions of the blood supply to the brain that cause temporary impairment. Today, stroke is a leading cause of serious long-term disability and contributes a significant amount to Medicaid and Medicare expenses for older Americans, particularly women.

12. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. ABC News Video: Heart Disease in America Discussion Questions 1.What preventive measures can be taken to avoid a heart attack? 2.What effect does a celebrity death from a certain illness have on how members of the public address their own health? | Heart Disease in America

13. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Reducing Your Risks  Metabolic Syndrome: Quick Risk Profile For a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome, a person would have three or more of the following risks: Abdominal obesity Elevated blood fat (triglycerides greater than 150 units) Low levels of HDL (“good”) cholesterol Elevated blood pressure greater than 130/85 mm/Hg Elevated fasting glucose greater than 100 mg/dL High levels of C-reactive proteins

14. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Reducing Your Risks  Modifiable Risks Avoid tobacco. Cut back on saturated fats and cholesterol. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) High-density lipoproteins (HDL) Triglycerides Maintain a healthy weight. Exercise regularly. Control diabetes. Control blood pressure. Manage stress.

15. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Recommended Cholesterol Levels for Adults

16. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Blood Pressure Classifications

17. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Reducing Your Risks  Nonmodifiable Risks Race and ethnicity Heredity Age Gender  Other Risk Factors Being Studied Inflammation and C-reactive protein Homocysteine

18. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Weapons against Cardiovascular Disease  Techniques for Diagnosing Cardiovascular Disease Electrocardiogram (ECG) Angiography Positron emission tomography (PET) scan Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Ultrafast computed tomography (CT) scan Cardiac calcium score

19. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Weapons Against Cardiovascular Disease  Bypass Surgery and Angioplasty Coronary bypass surgery helps patients who suffer from coronary blockages of heart attacks. In bypass surgery, a blood vessel is taken from another site in the patient’s body and implanted to “bypass” blocked coronary arteries. Angioplasty uses a balloon to open the artery to allow blood to flow more freely. Angioplasty carries fewer risks and may be more effective in selected cases than bypass surgery.

20. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Weapons against Cardiovascular Disease  Can Aspirin Help Heart Disease? Low doses of aspirin (75 to 81 mg) daily or every other day can be beneficial to heart patients Blood-thinning properties Risks may outweigh the benefits

21. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. An Overview of Cancer Second leading cause of death in the United States 1.5 million new cases diagnosed every year Early detection and improvements in technology have improved prognosis for many.  Why do you think the rate of cancer is so high in the U.S. today?

22. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. An Overview of Cancer  What Is Cancer? Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells Neoplasms Malignant tumors Benign tumors

23. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Metastasis

24. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. What Causes Cancer?  Lifestyle Risks Tobacco use Poor nutrition, physical inactivity, and obesity Stress and psychosocial risks  Genetic and Physiological Risks Genetic predisposition Oncogenes—cancer-causing gene that typically stays dormant but can be activated Biological sex Reproductive and hormonal risks

25. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Probability of Developing Invasive Cancers during Selected Age Intervals by Sex, United States 2003-2005

26. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. What Causes Cancer?  Occupational and Environmental Risks Exposure to asbestos, nickel, chromate, and benzene Exposure to radioactive substances Chemicals in foods Medical treatment risks  Infectious Diseases and Cancer Hepatitis B and hepatitis C Liver cancer Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer

27. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Go Green against Cancer  To Reduce the Number of Carcinogens Leave your car at home. Choose organic foods when possible. Shop for ecofriendly home furnishings. Turn off your lights when you leave a room. Use “green” paper. Buy ecofriendly hygiene products. Avoid dry cleaning.

28. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Types of Cancer  Categories of Cancer Carcinomas Sarcomas Lymphomas Leukemias  Lung Cancer Cause of death of 159,390 Americans in 2009 Symptoms include a persistent cough, blood-streaked sputum, chest pain, and recurrent attacks of pneumonia or bronchitis Hazards of secondhand smoke

29. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Leading Sites of New Cancer Cases and Deaths, 2009 Estimates

30. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Types of Cancer  Breast Cancer Approximately 192,370 women and 1,910 men were diagnosed in 2009 Risk increases with age Risk factors supported by research Prevention (self-exam and mammography) Treatment Surgical Selective estrogen-receptor modulators (SERMs)

31. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Breast Awareness and Self-Exam

32. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Types of Cancer  Colon and Rectal Cancer Third most common cancer in men and women 146,970 cases were diagnosed in 2009 Warning signals include blood in the stool and rectal bleeding.  Skin Cancer Affects over 1 million people every year Treatable: basal or squamous Virulent: malignant melanoma ABCD rule about melanoma Asymmetry Border irregularity Color Diameter

33. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Types of Skin Cancers

34. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. ABC News Video: Possible Melanoma Treatment Discussion Questions 1.Do scientific successes against cancer cause your worry about getting cancer to decrease? 2.What do you do to protect yourself from skin cancer? Could you do more? | Possible Melanoma

35. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Types of Cancer  Prostate Cancer Most frequently diagnosed cancer in American males today, excluding skin cancer, and is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in men after lung cancer 192,280 new cases were diagnosed in 2009. Estimated 1 in 33 men will die from prostate cancer in his lifetime  Ovarian Cancer Fifth leading cause of death in women 21,550 new cases were diagnosed in 2009. Enlargement of the abdomen is a common warning sign Prevention: annual pelvic exams

36. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Types of Cancer  Cervical and Endometrial (Uterine) Cancer Regular Pap tests are crucial for early detection Risk: early onset of intercourse Warning: abnormal bleeding  Testicular Cancer Ages 15 to 35 are at the greatest risk Cause is unknown Men with undescended testicles appear to be at the greatest risk

37. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Testicular Self-Exam

38. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Facing Cancer  Detecting Cancer The earlier the cancer is diagnosed, the better prospect there is for survival Practice self-exam and checkups Several high-tech tools have been developed to help detect cancer Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Computerized axial tomography scanning (CT scan)

39. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Screening Guidelines for the Early Detection of Cancer in Average-Risk Asymptomatic People Continued

40. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Screening Guidelines for the Early Detection of Cancer in Average-Risk Asymptomatic People

41. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Facing Cancer  Cancer Treatments Surgery to remove tumor Chemotherapy Radiotherapy Researching genes and cell mutations Immunotherapy Cancer-fighting vaccines Stem cell research

42. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. ABC News Video: Treating Cancer with Bone Drugs Discussion Questions 1.Why do treatments such as this seem to focus on early- stage cancers? 2.Would you take a drug developed for a different health issue to help control the spread of cancer? How might taking a drug affect the rest of your body? 3.What questions should you ask your health care provider before taking medication? 4.Under what circumstances would you join a medical research study? | Treating Cancer with Bone Drugs