1. A Guided Inquiry Learning Approach in a Web Environment: Theory and Application
4th International Conference on e-Learning and
4th International Conference on Information
1st – 3rd Sept. 2005
Irfan Naufal Umar
Sajap Maswan
Universiti Sains Malaysia

2. Introduction Internet & World wide web Web purposes Information
Entertainment
Business / commercials
Education, training, etc.

3. Issue Majority of EWS is designed for tutorial purposes
Tutorial: linear and sequential.
A deductive approach
More EWS with inquiry, inductive approach needed

4. Inquiry Definition involves careful observation and measurement
‘ the art and science of asking questions that are accessible, can be answered in part or in whole, and ones that lead to meaningful tests and explorations’
(Hebrank, 2004)
involves
careful observation and measurement
hypothesizing and interpreting
theorizing

5. Inquiry
it requires
Experimentation
Reflection
Recognition
of strengths and weaknesses of its own methods
not only in science, but also in other disciplines – social sciences, arts, humanities

6. Inquiry Based Learning
A way of acquiring knowledge through the process of inquiry
Learners generate their own question OR are posed with a question by the teacher / computer
An active role of the learners – through discovery, investigation, experimentation

7. Inquiry Based Learning
In Malaysia, the focuses of learning in our science education are towards inquiry approach, the development of scientific thinking and skills, research and problem solving, the application of principles of science, as well as the assimilation of scientific attitude and moral values
Curriculum Development Centre (1993)

8. Inquiry Based Learning
Types of Inquiry Approach
Structured Inquiry (Level I)
Guided Inquiry (Level II)
Open Inquiry (Level III)
(Herron, 1971)
The difference:
degree of commitment from the learners

9. Inquiry Based Learning
Types of Inquiry Approach
Structured Inquiry
learners conduct investigation & discovery based on the questions and procedures provided by the teacher/computer

10. Inquiry Based Learning
Types of Inquiry Approach
Guided Inquiry
learners investigate based on the questions posed by the teacher/ computer,
they determine the discovery procedures

11. Inquiry Based Learning
Types of Inquiry Approach
Open Inquiry
learners investigate and explore based on the questions and procedures that they have to construct

12. Inquiry Based Learning
Prominent researchers
Schulman & Tamir (1973)
Teacher/computer provides the basic element
Learners make generalization
Teacher/computer acts as facilitator who poses questions to stimulate learners in their discovery processes
Collins & Stevens (1983)
Theory of Inquiry Teaching : learners develop their own theories based on the procedures that they have learned

13. Theoretical Background
Paradigm Shift in Education
Behaviorism
Cognitivism
Constructivism
Changes in instructional approaches

14. Behaviorism
Learning : the change in behavior as a result of feedback & reinforcement
Contributions
Learning objectives
Programmed instruction

15. Cognitivism Studies on how individuals Process input / stimulus
Receive, organize, maintain and utilize information
The use of graph / visual
The use of hierarchy / structure

16. Constructivism
learners actively construct knowledge by working to solve realistic problem, usually in collaboration with others
Interactivity
Discovery

17. Constructivism Learning should be Learners will Constructive
Reflective
Collaborative
Inquiry based
Evolving
Learners will
Ask questions
Create hypotheses
Investigate
Use resources
Find solution
Draw conclusion
Revisit conclusion for more exploration
INQUIRY APPROACH

18. Tutorial Introduction Present information Question & response
Judge Response
Feedback or Remediation
Closing
Cycle

19. Feedback or Remediation
Tutorial
Alessi & Trollip Model (2001)
Question &
Response
Introductory Section
Present Information
Closing
Judge Response
Feedback or Remediation

20. Learning Cycle (Lawson)
Three core elements
Exploration
Term introduction
Concept Application

21. Learning Cycle Lawson Learning Cycle Model (1995) Exploration
Term Introduction
Concept Application
Exploration
Term Introduction
Concept Application
Lawson Learning Cycle Model (1995)

22. Learning Cycle (Lawson)
Exploration
Learners begin the learning process by exploring a given issue, question, or problem that is related to the content
The teacher / WBE provides guidance to learners to observe, measure and record data / information
They are encouraged to collaborate with their peers to conduct the analysis

23. Learning Cycle (Lawson)
Term Introduction
Learners will be introduced to the terms and concepts (by teachers / WBE)
Concepts / terms will be clarified, and any misconceptions be corrected

24. Learning Cycle (Lawson)
Concept Application
Learners will apply the concepts that they have learned to a new, different situation
This cycle will continue until the learner understands
the concepts and experiences meaningful learning

25. Learning Cycle Lawson Learning Cycle Model (1995) Exploration
Term Introduction
Concept Application
Exploration
Term Introduction
Concept Application
Lawson Learning Cycle Model (1995)

26. Theory of Inquiry Teaching
Instructional Techniques / strategies to assist learners
derive rules and theories :
Selecting positive and negative exemplars
Varying cases systematically
Selecting counterexamples
Generating hypothetical cases
Forming hypotheses
Testing hypotheses
Considering alternative predictions
Entrapping students
Tracing consequences of the misconceptions
Collins & Stevens (1983)

27. Guided Inquiry Approach
Questions / Problems
Response & Feedback
Introduction
Discovery / Guidance
Concept / Rule Development
Application of the Concept / Rule to a New Problem

28. Guided Inquiry Approach
Introduction
Learning goals, objectives
Overall structure of the WBE
Concept map
Outline
hierarchy
GIL approach

29. Guided Inquiry Approach
Question / Problem
to stimulate learner’s discovery process
Learner will respond to the question or explore the relevant info
GIL approach

30. Guided Inquiry Approach
Response & Feedback
Incorrect response --- will be guided by WBL
A correct response --- a concept / rule will be presented
GIL approach

31. Guided Inquiry Approach
Concept / Rule Development
Following a correct response
to enhance learner’s understanding of the new knowledge
Will be used for subsequent problems or questions
GIL approach

32. Guided Inquiry Approach
Concept / Rule Application
WBE should provide more problems / questions to allow learners apply the concepts and rules acquired earlier
GIL approach

33. An Example of GIL approach

34. 1. QUESTION / PROBLEM

35. 2. DISCOVERY / GUIDANCE

36. 2. DISCOVERY / GUIDANCE

37. 3. FEEDBACK FOR
INCORRECT RESPONSE

38. 3. FEEDBACK FOR
CORRECT RESPONSE

39. 3. CONCEPT / RULE DEVELOPMENT

40. 4. CONCEPT / RULE APPLICATION

41. Example: Introductory section – prepare learners(

42. Question / Problem to stimulate learners for Exploration (www. cosi
Question / Problem to stimulate learners for Exploration (

43. Learners will be guided if they provide incorrect response

44. If the response is correct, the learners will be presented with the concept or rule. Then, the concept or rule will be used to solve a new problem.

45. SUMMARY
Guided Inquiry Approach promotes exploratory, discovery learning should be considered in designing a WBE.
Several instructional strategies and techniques need to be applied.

46. Thank You