1. Essentials of Human Anatomy The Skeletal System 2

2. Joints
It is the site where two or more bones come together, where there is movement or not.

3. Function Holds bones together Allows bones to move
All bones articulate except the hyoid

4. Classification of Joints
Fibrous Joints
Dense connective tissues connect bones between bones in close contact
Cartilaginous Joints
Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connect bones
Synovial Joints
Most complex allow free movement
Synarthrotic
immovable
Amphiarthrotic
slightly movable
Diarthrotic
freely movable

5. FIBROUS JOINTS The articulating surfaces are joined by fibrous tissue.
Very little movement is possible.
E.G :
Sutures of the vault of the skull.
Inferior tibiofibular joints.
Tooth in jawbone

6. CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS A. Primary Cartilagenous
The bones are united by a plate of hyaline cartilage.
E.G :
Between the Epiphysis and Diaphysis of a growing bone.
Between the first rib and the sternum.

7. CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS B. Secondary Cartilagenous
The bones are united by a plate of fibrocartilage.
Their articulating surfaces are covered by a thin plate of hyaline cartilage.
E.G :
joints between the vertebral bodies.
Symphysis pubis.

8. SYNOVIAL JOINT It has a great degree of freedom of movement.
The articulating bones are covered by hyaline cartilage and separated by a joint cavity.
The cavity is lined by synovial membrane.
It is protected on the outside by a tough fibrous capsule.
The synovial membrane produces a lubricating fluid (synovial fluid)

9. General Anatomy of Synovial Joints
Basic features:
articular capsule
joint cavity
synovial fluid
articular cartilage
ligaments
nerves
blood vessels

10. Types of Synovial Joints
From least movable to most freely movable, the six specific types of synovial joints are:
planar (gliding) joints
hinge joints
pivot joints
condyloid (ellipsoid) joints
saddle joints
ball-and-socket joints

11. Types of Synovial Joints
Ball-and-Socket Joint
hip
shoulder
Condyloid Joint
between metacarpals and phalanges

12. Types of Synovial Joints
Gliding Joint
between carpals
between tarsals
Hinge Joint
elbow
between phalanges

13. Types of Synovial Joints
Pivot Joint
between proximal ends of radius and ulna
Saddle Joint
between carpal and metacarpal of thumb

14. Mobility and Stability in Joints
Motion permitted ranges from none to various extensive motions.
Structure determines both its mobility and its stability.
more mobile = less stable

15. Types of Joint Movements
Abduction /Adduction
Dorsiflexion / Plantarflexion
Flexion / Extension / Hyperextension

16. Types of Joint Movements
Rotation / Circumduction
Supination / Pronation

17. Types of Joint Movements
Eversion / Inversion
Protraction / Retraction
Elevation / Depression