1. Organic and Biochemistry
I. Organic chemistry
A. Organic vs. inorganic compounds
B. Carbon atoms
C. Biological molecules
1. 4 main classes
2. Monomers
3. Condensation and hydrolysis reactions
4. Functional groups
II. Carbohydrates
A. Monosaccharides
B. Disaccharides
C. Polysaccharides
III. Lipids
A. Triglycerides
1. glycerol and fatty acids
2. saturated vs. unsaturated
B. Lipoproteins
C. Phospholipids
D. Steroids
IV. Proteins
A. multiple functions
B. amino acids
C. Protein structure
1. globular and fibrous
2. four levels of structure
V. Nucleic acids
A. 3 functions
B. Nucleotides
C. DNA/RNA
D. ATP

2. I. Organic chemistry A. Organic vs. inorganic compounds
Organic compounds
Inorganic compounds 1. 2. 3. 4.
Many atoms; always carbon and hydrogen
Relatively few; not always
carbon and hydrogen
Carbon backbone
Varies
Flexible
Rigid
Wide variety
Relatively not as variable

3. B. Carbon molecules
Carbon forms the backbone
of all biomolecules

4. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of organic
molecules?
a. long
b. wide variety of sizes and shapes
c. rigid
d. carbon backbone

5. C. Biological molecules
1. 4 main classes
2. Monomers
3. Condensation and hydrolysis reactions
4. Functional groups
carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
nucleic acids

6. 2. Monomers dimers polymers Carbohydrates monosaccharides Lipids
fatty acids
fatty acids
Proteins
amino acids
Nucleic acids
nucleotides
monosaccharides
amino acids
nucleotides
Polarity?

7. Which of the following monomers is non-polar?
a. fatty acids
b. nucleotides
c. amino acids
d. monosaccharides

8. 3. Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions
R1- OH + OH - R2
R1- O – R2 + HOH
reactants
yields
products
R1- O – R2 + HOH
R1- OH + R2 – OH

9. 4. Functional groups
A small group of atoms that impart specific properties to the molecules to which they are attached. C H H OH

10. II. Carbohydrates Polarity A. Monosaccharides B. Disaccharides (1:2:1)
C6H12O6
Isomers
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide

11. Glucose

12. Archaea
3. Polysaccharides

13. Why can’t most organisms digest cellulose?
a. it is too large
b. it is too polar
c. the glucose sub-units are too tightly packed
d. the glucose to glucose bonds can’t be broken

14. III. Lipids Polarity Saturated versus unsaturated A. Triglycerides
1. glycerol and fatty acids
2. saturated vs. unsaturated
Saturated versus unsaturated

15. B. Phospholipids Phosphate functional group Glycerol Fatty acids
Main components of cell membrane
Polar or non-polar?

16. C. Steroids
Sexual dimorphism

17. Blocked arteries
Cholesterol makes fat sticky

18. Which of the following is a basic component of lipids?
a. glucose
b. glycerol
c. glycine
d. gibberellin

19. IV. Proteins A. Multiple functions keratin collagen Myosin and actin
B. Amino acids
C. Protein structure
1. globular and fibrous
2. four levels of structure
keratin
collagen
Myosin and actin
Structural
Enzymes
Hormones
Lipoproteins
fibrin
HDL/ LDL/ VLDL
hemoglobin

20. B. Amino acids

21. Peptide bonds

22. C. Protein structure
Fibrous and globular
Enzymes

23. Four levels of protein structure
Covalent bonds
H bonds
R group interactions
Various bonding

24. Prions
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
PRP
Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease

25. Which level of protein structure is held together by H bonds?
a. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary
d. quaternary

26. What level of protein structure is changed when prions
“go bad”?
a. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary
d. quaternary

27. Molecular clocks

28. V. Nucleic Acids A. 3 functions of nucleic acids carriers DNA/ RNA
A. 3 functions B. Nucleotides C. DNA/RNA D. ATP
A. 3 functions of nucleic acids
carriers
1. information
DNA/ RNA
2. energy
3. electrons
ATP
NADH

29. B. Nucleotides Phosphate, 5 carbon sugar, and nitrogenous base
ribose or deoxyribose
A,T or U, C, G
C. DNA/ RNA
Deoxyribose nucleic acid
Ribose nucleic acid

30. DNA homologies
98.7%

31. D. ATP
A-P~P~P
A-P~P + P
ATP >> ADP + P

32. Which of the following is NOT a component of a nucleotide?
a. phosphate group
b. 5 carbon sugar
c. nitrogenous base
d. carboxyl acid group

33. On what basic premise are Molecular Clocks and DNA
Homologies based?
a. the closer the genetic similarity between two
individuals, the closer they share a common ancestor
b. regardless of the organism, all amino acid sequences
are the same
c. like breeds like
d. none of these

35. The end