1. Notes 11/18 Class 11: The Russian Empire and the Cold War GEO105: World Regional Geography Michael T. Wheeler Syracuse University, Geography

2. 2 Global Tectonics Lecture slide 02 2.5 Major tectonic plates (p. 39)

3. 3 Physiographic Regions Lecture slide 03 4.3 Physiographic regions of the [former Soviet Union] (pp. 136-7)

4. 4 13 th Century, Mongol Invasion Lecture slide 04

5. 5 Mongols in Europe Lecture slide 05

6. 6 Mongol States Lecture slide 06 Conquered Empires –China –Persia –Korea –Threatened Japan (‘Kamikazes’ – divine wind)

7. 7 Russian Revival Lecture slide 07 Under Mongols –Moscow occupied –Novgorod survived 15 th -16 th Centuries –Regional power: Poland / Lithuania –Iberians discovering the New World –Local kingdom of Muscovy begins expansion of Slavic state

8. 8 The Russian Empire 15 th -20 th Centuries Lecture slide 08 4.16 Territorial growth of the Muscovite/Russian state (p. 146)

9. 9 The Russian Empire, until 1795 Lecture slide 09 Settlement –Almost all along the southern edge –Fortified towns (like Fort Apache)

10. 10 Western Development until 1795 Lecture slide 10 Minerals Brutal regime Peasant uprisings No Finland (or Poland)

11. 11 Napoleon Invades, 1812 Lecture slide 11 1861 Minard Map –Six variables: location (2), direction (1), time (1), army size (1), temperature (1) Tufte, The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, 1983

12. 12 Expansion until 1914 Lecture slide 12 Geography –Central Asia –Caucus –Alaska Economy –Minerals in the shield –Pacific coast –Trans-Siberian Railroad

13. 13 Emigration to ‘Asiatic Russia’ Lecture slide 13 Attempted Modernization –Count Witte –Forcibly export grain December Revolution, 1905

14. 14 World War I Lecture slide 14

15. 15 The Russian Revolution, 1917-1921 Lecture slide 15 Bolsheviks –Dedicated to world-wide revolution –Export Communism Other developed countries –Intervene to put down Communists –Canada, France, Greece, Great Britain, United States, Japan Civil War –Reds vs. Whites Geography –Other Europeans lopped off big parts of former Russian Empire

16. 16 World-Wide Revolution Lecture slide 16 Socialist Parties –Almost all supported World War One Major countries –France –Germany Rosa Luxemborg –China Mao Tse Tung Chou En Lai –United States Eugene Debs

17. 17 Break Lecture slide 17 4.20 Population density (p. 153)

18. 18 World War II Lecture slide 18

19. 19 Nazi-Soviet Pact Population Movements Lecture slide 19

20. 20 Post War Population Movements Lecture slide 20

21. 21 The Holocaust Lecture slide 21

22. 22 Unimaginable Destruction People –7.5 million soldiers –6-8 million civilians, directly –“indirect losses” –Total: 20-25 m people! Agriculture –7m out of (11.6m) horses –20m (out of 23m) pigs –137,000 tractors –49,000 grain combines Transportation –65,000 km of railroads –½ of all railroad bridges –15,800 locomotives Lecture slide 22 –428,000 wagons Housing –Almost 50% of all urban living space –1.2 urban houses –3.5m houses in urban areas Other bloodlettings –World War One (8m?) –Russian Revolution (2-3 m people?) –Collectivization and Stalin’s pre-war purges (10m?) –Post-War pogroms (5m)

23. 23 The Soviet Empire, 1940s and 50s Lecture slide 23 4.17 Soviet state expansionism, 1940s and 1950s (p. 148)

24. 24 The Iron Curtain Lecture slide 24 Warsaw Pact –Military Alliance COMECON –Trading bloc Geography –Berlin, Vienna divided cities –Yugoslavia and Albania semi- independent 1956 1968

25. 25 Stand-Off in Europe Lecture slide 25

26. 26 The Cold War Lecture slide 26 Geography –Confrontation across the North Pole –U.S. and NATO ‘contain’ Soviet Union (the Truman Doctrine) Asia –Wars and revolutions –China and Vietnam only nominal Allies of Soviet Union

27. 27 The Cold War (Legend) Lecture slide 27 Europe –Berlin (1948, 1961) –Hungary (1956) –Czechoslovakia (1968) Asia –Korean War –Vietnam War –Afghanistan Africa –Angola, 1974-90 –Namibia, 1975-91 Latin America –Cuba –Chile –(El Salvador) –Nicaragua

28. 28 Nuclear Weapons Lecture slide 29

29. 29 Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 Lecture slide 29

30. 30 Berlin Wall Comes Down Lecture slide 30 Gorbachev –Perestroiyka (p. 156) Hungary –Reinterring the heroes of 1956 –Open border with Austria –Tens of thousands from around Eastern Europe fled west Berlin Wall –Call down November 09, 1989 –Reunification of Germany –Break up of the Soviet Union

31. 31 The Former Soviet Union Lecture slide 31 4.1 The former Soviet Union (pp. 132-3)

32. 32 Break-Up of the Soviet Union Lecture slide 32 Also see 4.23 (p. 157) in WR

33. 33 Caucasus Lecture slide 33

34. 34 Environmental Degradation Lecture slide 34 4.15 Environmental degradation (p. 143)

35. 35 Vital Rates, 20 th Century Lecture slide 35 4.20a Vital rates (p. 153) Tragic history –Massive bloodlettings –Post-Soviet male life expectancy now 59 ! (U.S. ~ 77, Japan over 80) 4.21 Russian Age-sex pyramid (p. 154)

36. 36 Review Physical Geography –Land Huge (almost 180  of latitude!) Cold Flat –No warm water ports History –Part of Europe or part of Asia? –Oppressive military regimes People? Land? –Invasions Mongols Napoleon Lecture slide 36 –Germans (two World Wars) –Allies (after Russian Revolution) Soviet Union / Cold War –Military / political buffers –Economy State-run Huge environmental problems Break-up of the Soviet Union –Collapse of Russian Empire –400 years of antagonism coming out

37. 37 Next Week For next week: –Reading Chapter 2: 68-78 Chapter 13: 578-587, 591: Figure 13.12, 596-8: 'Sustainable Development' –Review p. 79: –Testing Your Understanding: 10 p. 604 –Testing Your Understanding: 6 –Thinking Geographically: 4 Web Page: –classes.maxwell.syr.edu/geo105_f04/class _notes/12-Review.htm Lecture slide 37

38. 38 Happy Thanksgiving! Lecture slide 38