2. Higher Education and Ethnic Minority Students

3. Ethnic Diversity in Europe Western Europe in 21 st Century = US in the 20 th Century -6-8% non-White (UK at the higher end) -But in most capitals/connurbations: 15- 30%

4. Growth Very Likely Will grow relatively and absolutely: i)Young ii)Family size iii)On-going migration.

5. Probably Double Will probably double in the next generation: 15% Will be a majority in some cities (beginning in Birmingham and Leicester but extending to some of the largest urban centres eg. London and Brussells). The majority are Muslims (unlike the US).

6. CLASS: Yes, but……. Not state v private schools Rather: high performing and low performing schools

7. Ethnicity exacerbates Class Disadvantage……? Not Necessarily: because there is not a single ethnicity SHORT ANSWER: Non-Whites are more likely to go to University but to go to a less prestigious university

9. Profiles at Time of Migration Caribbeans, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis were poorly qualified More than a third of Indians, African Asians, Chinese and Africans had a higher qualification Gender Academic v vocational

10. Effect of Ethnicity on Class Likelihood of getting 5 GCSEs at A*-C Compared to white class peers Pakistanis and B’deshis 10%+ Indians 10%+ Black Caribbeans -8% Source: Bradley and Taylor (2004) using YCS

11. Class Again

12. Expectations

13. Why Not in Prestigious Universities? A-level Attainments Educational Choices at 16 Subject Preferences Preferences for Local Institutions

14. Institutional ‘Bias’

15. Higher Education Entrants (Home (UK) Acceptances only), 2004 Male – Female % White82.345 - 55 Black- African 2.748 - 52 Black - Caribbean 1.235 - 65 Black- Other 0.339 - 61 Indian 4.450 - 50 Pakistani 2.752 - 48 Bangladeshi 0.953 - 47 Chinese 1.050 – 50